Engineering Health and Safety Principles

Engineering Health and Safety Principles 1. What are the main responsibilities of the employer and the employee under Health and Safety Act 1992? Answer : Duties of employers: Every employer shall take all practicable steps to ensure that no action or inaction of any employee while at work harms any other person. Duties of employees Every employee shall take all practicable steps to ensure- (a) the employees safety while at work (including by using suitable protective clothing and suitable protective equipment provided by the employer (b) that no action or inaction of the employee while at work causes harm to any other person. (health and sefatey in employment act 1992, 2014) 2. In marking the choice of which type of cutting fluid to use, many factors have to be considered. Name two of the important factors? Answer: selection of the cutting fluid generally depends on the types of machining process whether coolant, lubricant or both are required. Though selection for the effective cutting fluid depends the various factors which are type of machining , tool and workpiece materials, cutting speed, and the method of application. For example: machining process with slower cutting operation and where tools are exposed to high pressure in such cases fluid with good lubricating characteristics is required. Whereas, selection for the fluid is changed in high speed operation as in high speed operation temperature rises significantly so that fluid which has good cooling capacity and with some lubricity is required. (manufacturing engineering and technology, 2014, p. 617) 3. What is the purpose of chip breakers in the Turning Process? Answer: purpose of chip breaker in turning process: chip breaker controls the flow of the chip during machining. Eliminates the long chips as it can be hazard. Also reduce the heat. Reduce the intendancy of the vibration. (manufacturing engineering and technology, 2014, p. 607) 4. What effect would decrease the cutting speed have on tool life of a milling cutter? Answer: Because high cutting speed increases the temperature which results into the shorting of the tool. (manufacturing engineering and technology, 2014, p. 585) 5. Name two ways work can be held on a cylindrical grinder? Answer: Universal grinding: In universal grinding, both the workpiece and the wheel axes can be moved and swivelled around a horizontal plane, thus permitting the grinding of tapers and other shapes Thread grinding: thread grinding is done cylindrical grinders, using specially dressed wheels matching the shape of the thread. (manufacturing engineering and technology, 2014, p. 748) 6. how is feed specified on a drilling machine? Answer: Diameter of Drill Inches Feed Inches per Revolution Under 1/8 .001 to .003 1/8 to 1/4 .002 to .006 1/4 to 1/2 .004 to .010 1/2 to 1 inch .007 to .015 1 inch and over .015 to .025 (drill feeds and speeds, n.d.) 7. What is the difference between truing and dressing a grinding wheel? Answer: dressing is the process of a conditioning, producing sharp new edges on worn grains on the grinding surface of a wheel Truing: truing is the process of producing a true circle on a wheel that has become out of round. (manufacturing engineering and technology, 2014, p. 744) 8. In wire cut EDM, why does electrode wear not affect the accuracy of the cut? Answer: Because electrode doesnt touches the workpiece. (manufacturing engineering and technology, 2014, p. 781) 9. What is concurrent engineering? Answer: Concurrent engineering also known as integrated product development (IPD) its methodology is based on the parallelisation of task which means preforming the task concurrently. Concurrent engineering prefers to an approach to new product development in which all other engineering functions like design engineering, manufacturing engineering and other functions are integrated together in order to reduce the elapsed time required to bring new product to the market. (concurrent engineering , 2017) 10. In welding, what do the letters GTAW stand for? Answer: Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW, 2017) 11. Define break-even point when comparing two types of machines making the same part? Answer: Break-even perspective are the purpose which offers precisely disguise its costs. Therefore these methods not lead to any benefit or reduction. When two different machines are making same part, the purpose of which is to offers disguise costs. 12. In machining operations, how does forming differ from generating? Answer: generating: generating machining operations of the workpiece are dependent on the feed or the movement of the cutting tool which involves different turning operations such as straight cutting, taper turning, peripheral milling and profile milling. Whereas forming machining operations is based workpiece geometry dependent on the tool geometry. Cutting edge of the tool and surface of the work part has the reverse shape example: form turning, broaching, drilling. (Forming and Generating Method in Lathe Machine Operations, 2016) 13. What are the two forms of broaching and what types of machine is used for each form? Answer: surface broaches: surface broches which generally used for cutting flat surface. Broches includes slab, slot, contour, dovetail, pot ( for precision external shapes) and straddle. Internal broaches: internal broaches which is generally used for close-tolerance hole. Broches includes hole keyway, internal gear, rifling (for gun barrels). (manufacturing engineering and technology, 2014, p. 684) 14. What is difference between a CNC machining centre and a universal milling machine? Answer: cnc machining centre is computer controlled program, which takes the instruction from the computer to select and control tools that used for cutting or shaping the metal to new product. Whereas universal milling machine is fitted with table so that it can have motion in all direction and also diving head which has ability to change gears so they can perform milling operation in all the direction. (manufacturing engineering and technology, 2014, pp. 703,705,669) 15. State an essential requirement for a lathe, which is intended to be used with diamond tooling Answer: diamond tooling is done when we have to give good surface finish and critical dimension for example: for polishing granite (manufacturing engineering and technology, 2014, p. 614) 16. What type of machining process would be used to cut an external keyway in a shaft? Answer: machining process used to cut keyways in a shaft is keyway broaching also known as spline broaching (coupling answers, 2014) 17. Define what is meant by CAD CAM? Answer: CAD: computer aided design CAD, which basically based on the principle of creating a technical drawing using different software like AUTOCAD, SOLIDWORKS, and PRO-E CAM: computer aided manufacturing Whereas CAM is referred as an software use to control manufacturing process like controlling machining tool which gives high precision. Machine used on the principle of CAM is known as CNC computer numerical control machine. (wikipedia , 2017) 18. Name two materials used to produce EDM electrodes for a sink type machine Answer: The materials which are commonly used for the making sinker EDM electrode are graphite, brass or copper tungsten. Graphite is used because of its superior machining capabilities and wearability, and copper is used because of its fine finish requirements. (qualitty EDM, 2008) 19. What feature controls the cutting speed of a milling centre? Answer: As we know the cutting speed V in peripheral milling is the surface speed of the cutter V = à Ã¢â€š ¬DN Where D is the cutter diameter and N is the rotational speed of the cutter. Thus cutting speed is directly dependent on the diameter and as well as the rotational speed of the cutter. (serope kalpakjian, 2014) 20. What is the main difference in the type of materials that can be machined when using either EDM or Water Jet cutting process? Answer: water jet cutting process: non-conductive material such as glass. Wood, plastic, ceramic EDM: material needs to be electrical conductive as EDM cuts through sparks such as graphite and metal (advanced manufractruring , 2005) 21. Compare 2 of the following casting processes on surface finish, accuracy, type of pattern and cost a. Sand moulding b. Shell moulding c. Gravity die casting d. Pressure die casting Answer: Sand moulding Shell moulding Surface finish Not good machining, forging, may required to obtain the required shape followed by the quality control Good surface finish Accuracy Dimensionally accurate High precision Type of pattern Match plate pattern Many pattern Cost Low cost Low cost (manufacturing engineering and technology, 2014, pp. 705,711) 22. Explain the purpose for which the investment casting process is used. Indicate the type of material that can be cast and some general estimate of the finish and accuracy obtained Answer: Purpose: knee replacement Type of material: ferrous and non-ferrous metal alloys. Surface finish: good surface finish Accuracy: high precision (manufacturing engineering and technology, 2014, pp. 271-272) 23. Explain clearly the difference between the HOT and COLD chamber die casting processes, giving the types of material casting in each process Answer: Hot-chamber process use a piston to forces a certain volume of metal into the die cavity through a gooseneck and nozzle 2.Cold-chamber process is where molten metal is poured into the injection cylinder (shot chamber) (manufacturing engineering and technology, 2014, pp. 278-279) 24. Giving examples of each show the difference between injection moulded and compression moulded plastic parts Answer: Injection moulded plastic Compression moulded plastic in injection moulded is used with thermoplastic polymers Compression moulding is used with thermosetting plastics for example: injection moulding is used for making chair. machine has three main parts i.e. injection unit, mould and clamp. process starts when plastic is poured into hopper from where plastic pallet moves to the barrel of injection unit inside, a screw transports the pallets forward t. heater bands wrapped around the barrel warms up the plastic pallets. as the pellets are moved forward by the screw, they gradually melt, and are entirely molten by the time they reaches the front of the barrel. once enough molten plastic is in the front of the screw it rams forward like the plunger of a syringe. in a matter of seconds, the screw injects the molten plastic into the empty part of the mould called the cavity image. the plastic solidifies in under a minute the mould opens and the part is ejected. for example: compression moulding is used to make rubber boots for which plastic is pre heated and then poured into the mould and held there for few minutes at fixed temperature and then finished product is then removed from the mould and then can be machined for further better finish or removal of the waste (plastic injection molding , 2015) (manufacturing engineering and technology, 2014, pp. 512,520) 25. What is the main difference between Hot Rolling and Cold Rolling, Giving examples of each process? Answer: Hot rolling Cold rolling Low tolerance High tolerance More Malleable Increase strength of material through strain Harding as much as 20% High temperature up to 1000F Low temperature equal to room temperature Sink when cooled down More precise dimensions Hot rolled steel is used in situations where precise shapes and tolerances are not required For example: used in welding and I-beam cold rolled steel is used in situations where precise shapes and tolerances are required. For example: used in production of metal furniture or desks. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.metalsupermarkets.com/difference-between-hot-rolled-steel-and-cold-rolled-steel/ administration, n. z. (2014, april 4). health and sefatey in employment act 1992. Retrieved from new zealand legislation: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1992/0096/latest/DLM278829.html concurrent engineering . (2017, march 7). Retrieved from wikipedia : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_engineering coupling answers. (2014, december 2). Cutting Keyways Broaching, Keyseating, Wire-Cut EDM, Shaping, Milling . Retrieved from coupling answer: http://www.couplinganswers.com/2014/12/cutting-keyways-broaching-keyseating.html crayons, s. (Director). (2015). plastic injection molding [Motion Picture]. drill feeds and speeds. (n.d.). Retrieved from viking drill and tool : http://www.vikingdrill.com/viking-Drill-FeedandSpeed.php Forming and Generating Method in Lathe Machine Operations. (2016, februray 17). Retrieved from mechaenical engineering: https://basicmechanicalengineering.com/forming-and-generating-method-in-lathe-machine-operations/ government, n. z. (1992, jan 1). health and safety employment act 1993. Retrieved from New Zealand legislation : http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1992/0096/latest/DLM279232.html GTAW. (2017, march 11). Retrieved from wikipedia : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_tungsten_arc_welding metalsupermaket. (2014, septemeber 14). difference between hot rolled and cold rolled steel . Retrieved from metal supermarket : https://www.metalsupermarkets.com/difference-between-hot-rolled-steel-and-cold-rolled-steel/ qualitty EDM. (2008). Electrical discharge machining (EDM). Retrieved from qualitty EDM: http://www.qualityedm.com/sinkeredm.html serope kalpakjian, s. R. (2014). manufacturing engineering and technology. new york: pearson. sme. (2005, october 1). Retrieved from advanced manufractruring : http://advancedmanufacturing.org/waterjet-vs-edm/ wikipedia . (2017, march 24). cad/cam. Retrieved from wikipedia : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_manufacturing

Drinking Regime Evaluation of Boluses

Drinking Regime Evaluation of Boluses Ondrej Hanu; Daniel Bro, Milan Ã…  imko, Branislav Glik, Miroslav Jurek, Michal Rolinec, Robert Herke Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovak Republic Original Paper Drinking regime evaluation with continuous ruminal monitoring boluses The aim of this study was to continuously monitored drinking regime of 7 dairy cows of Holstein breed using boluses during 24 weeks of lactation in relation to the outside temperature and observed daily drinking regime with the impact of drinking on rumen temperature at University Experimental Farm in Oponice. Animals were fed once daily and milked 3 times per day. The bolus pH and temperature values implemented via esophagus were measured every 15 minutes (96 data points per day) with accuracy  ±0.1 ph and  °C. Outside temperature by FREEMETEO meteorological server (48 times per day) was measured. Outside temperature can affect the drinking regime of dairy cows. During lactation weeks with higher outside temperature higher average number of drinking events (ANDE) was determined. The biggest difference between weeks in ANDE 18.33% (p=0.000) was found. Daily ANDE 9.25 ±1.85 and average daily temperature (ADT) 19.03 ±5.19  °C were observed. The most of the drinking events (ND E) concentrated to 4 main peaks (25.17%) during working hours (74.98%) was found. After the feed intake and milking the highest frequencies of NDE were observed. The highest average ruminal temperature after drinking (ARTAD) during night before first feeding due to lower NDE in this time were found. Overall ARTAD 36.86  °C was observed. The most measured ruminal temperatures after drinking (RTAD) (51.53%) in the interval 35 37  °C were found. This research proved that continuous ruminal monitoring with boluses is an appropriate tool for drinking regime evaluation and heat stress determination in herd of dairy cows. Keywords: bolus, rumen, temperature, water intake, outside temperature Water supplies for both humans and livestock are becoming a subject of increasing importance. Indeed, climate change and drinking water deficits in certain areas have meant that supplies of clean water for livestock are becoming problematic, at least during certain periods of the year. Water is considered the most important nutrient for health and performance in dairy herds. Loss of water from the body occurs through milk production, urine and fecal excretion, sweat and vapour loss from lungs (NRC, 2001). A adequate water intake is essential to avoid negative effects on animal health, performance and welfare (Murphy,1992; Meyer et al., 2004), and 25 and 50% restriction of drinking water relative to ad libitum intake decreased feed intake and milk yield in dairy cows (Steiger Burgos et al., 2001). Results of several experiments showed that an average of 83% of the water demand is met by drinking (NRC, 2001). Many studies found the association between water intake and outside temperatu re and between water intake and the number of drinking events (Matarazzo et al., 2003; Brown-Brandl et al., 2006; Arias et al., 2008). Drinking activity can be monitored continuously and simultaneously for randomly enrolled cows using a data acquisition system based on an individual radio frequency identification collar (Cardot et al., 2008) or with observers (Jago et al., 2005). Huzzey et al. (2005) monitored drinking activity of dairy cows using video cameras connected to a video multiplexer and a time-lapse videocassette recorder. Bewley et al. (2008) monitored ruminal temperature using boluses permanently residing in the cows reticulum and indentified temperatures influenced by drinking events. The aim of this study was to monitored drinking regime of dairy cows using boluses during lactation in relation to the outside temperature, daily drinking regime and the impact of drinking on rumen temperature. 2.1 Animals and housing Measured data from 7 dairy cows of Holstein breed (average age 3.57) in cooperation with the University Experimental Farm in Oponice during 24 lactation weeks were collected. Selected cows had average milk production 10 175 kg per lactation with 3.94% of fats, 3.10% of crude proteins and 4.70% of lactose. Experimental cows were housed in the groups with another dairy cows together. 2.2 Feeding and water availability Animals were fed once daily with Total Mix Ratio (Table 1) ad libitum between 4:00 and 5:00 and milked 3 times per day at 6:00, 12:00 and 18:00. Corn silage (pH 3.85) and alfalfa silage acidity (pH 4.85) with Sodium Bicarbonate (550 g.head-1) and Magnesium Oxide (51 g.head-1) were neutralised. In one section for 20 dairy cows two drinkers were available. Table 1 Total Mix Ratio composition DM (kg) NEL (MJ.kg-1) CP (%) NDF (%) Starch (%) 25.45 153.86 15.74 24.35 25.39 abbreviations: DM dry mater, NEL netto energy of lactation, CP crude protein, NDF neutral detergent fiber 2.3 Data measuring and data collecting Every dairy cow had implemented farm bolus for continual data measuring which was implemented through esophagus orally with the use of special balling gun. The bolus pH and temperature values were measured every 15 minutes (96 data points per day) with accuracy  ±0.1. Outside temperature by FREEMETEO meteorological server (48 times per day) was measured. Used boluses (eCow Devon, Ltd., Great Britain) are characteristic with its small dimensions (135 27 mm) and weight 207 g. Data with the handset with antenna and dongle connected with USB dongle connector with the radio frequency 434 MHz in the milking parlour were downloaded. Collected data were summarized with HathorHBClient v. 1.8.1. 2.4 Statistical evaluation Statistical evaluation with IBM SPSS v. 20.0 was realised. Descriptive statistics with One-way ANOVA were recalculated. Statistically differences between average daily outside temperatures (ADT), average ruminal temperatures after drinking (ARTAD) and average numbers of drinking events (ANDE) with post hoc Tukey Test were determined. Effect of outside temperature on number of drinking events with Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was realised. As drinking event a decrease in ruminal temperature less than -0.70% and ruminal pH less than 0.00% with previous data point using data filter was selected. Drinking regime of dairy cows during lactation with average temperatures during drinking events in the Figure 1 are shown. ANDE during monitored period 9.25 ±1.85 and ADT 19.03 ±5.19 were observed. Minimal reported ANDE found Jago et al. (2005) 5.2. Higher average ANDE for monitored period observed Huzzey et al. (2005) 9.5 ±0.4 and Perera et al. (1986) 9.4. Cardot et al. (2008) determined ANDE 7.3 ±2.8 during their experiment. The effect of ADT r=0.132 on ANDE was determined (p=0.001) but in 19 cases the same change both increase or decrase in the comparison with previous week between ANDE and ADT was found. Gonzà ¡lez Pereyra et al. (2010) found effect of outside temperature on ANDE r=0.507 (p

Julius Caesar Essay: Brutus as the Tragic Hero -- Julius Caesar Essays

Brutus as the Tragic Hero of Julius Caesar  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare’s tragedy, Julius Caesar, displays Brutus as a tragic hero, blinded loyalty and devotion. Brutus's heroic belief of honor and virtue was so powerful that it drove him to perform villainous actions and lead to his destruction. The tragic hero is "presented as a person neither entirely good nor entirely evil, who is led by some tragic flaw to commit an act that results in suffering and utter defeat." (Morner, Kathleen & Rausch, Ralph. 1991, Pg. #227) Brutus was guided by his firm decrees of honor, yet he was unconsciously hypocritical. He praised himself for refusing bribes and not acquiring money through dishonest means, "For I can raise no money by vile means" (Act IV Scene iii) yet he rebuked Cassius for refusing to share with him his own fraudulent gains. He strove for uprightness using dishonest and corrupt ways to accomplish his supposed morals. In Julius Caesar, Cassius approached Brutus with the idea of assassinating Caesar. Cassius needed Brutus because of his renowned heroic qualities. He used Brutus as an insurance policy, declaring "Brutus shall lead, and we will grace his heels with the most boldest and best hearts of Rome." (Act III, Scene i) Cassius lead him to fear Caesar is too ambitious and despotic. This forced Brutus to come to the conclusion that Caesar's death is the only way to solve Rome's problem. "And therefore think him as a serpent's egg, Which hatched would, as his kind, grow mischievous, And kill him in the shell." (Act II, Scene i) Brutus believed that this is for Rome's own good, "not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more." (Act III, Scene ii) Cassius manipulated Brutus into thinking that he must eliminate C... ...and devotion destroyed him. The greatest good in this tragic hero lead him to the wickedest evil. Works Cited http://student.cscc.edu/ENGL/Engl264/traglex.htm. Shakespearean Tragedy. 11-29-99. Yahoo. Bloom, Harold. William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. Chelsea House Publisher; Connecticut, New York, & Pennsylvania. 1988, Pg. #33 - 36 Boyce, Charles. Shakespeare A to Z. Roundtable Press, Inc.; New York. 1990, Pg. #78 - 80 Durband, Alan. Shakespeare Made Easy: Julius Caesar. Barron's Educational Series, Inc.; New York. 1985. Ludowyk, E.F.C. Understanding Shakespeare. Cambridge University Press; New York. 1962, Pg. #184 - 187 Morner, Kathleen & Rausch, Ralph. NTC's Dictionary of Literary Terms. National Textbook Company; Illinois. 1991, Pg. #225 - 227 Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. Dover Publications, Inc.; New York. 1991.   

Education :: essays research papers

From the ancient years many people tried to infect their knowledge to others. It was not difficult even for an inferior civilization to understand that the education was absolutely necessary, so the capitulary of education is ancient. Education is one of the most important tools that a society possesses. The right implementation of this tool is one of the greatest ways of assuring the quality of life within a society. The ability to better ourselves, is one of the strongest abilities of the human race. Without the consistent development of the human race, life would be nothing more than survival. At its most basic level of definition, education is nothing more than the teaching of ideas. The early stages of schooling instil more attitude and social skills than knowledge. The younger stages of a person's life are usually the most definable years of their lives. For this reason many rudimentary skills are taught. As the age and skill level of the student increases, more education is based upon the interest of the student. For society to progress and excel every generation must learn just a little more. Education has its downfalls. Students are only taught what society sees fit to teach them. If a society doesn't want students to learn about a certain period of history, then it is not taught. Education is a tool to succeed in life. The quality of education that a student receives depends upon many issues. One of the biggest differences in education is between public and private schools. In a society that values money, such as ours, the rich are given a better background in education than most people. For the general public, students are taught the same material, and excel at different rates than other students. The people that don't grasp the material usually fall behind and become the working class within our society. Those that excel become the backbone of our society, fuelling our economy and developing ideas within our world. The difference in education is not only is not only the skill that is provided, but also the attitude. Every person is different, and some people lack the ability to work in a technical field. Everyone has a place in society, and some people will work hard physically all of their lives.

Cold War: A Post-Revisioninst View of the Origins :: American America History

Cold War: A Post-Revisioninst View of the Origins There are three main schools of thought that trace the origins of the Cold War. The Orthodox view is that "the intransigence of Leninist ideology, the sinister dynamics of a totalitarian society, and the madness of Stalin" (Doc 1) cause the Cold War. The Revisionists claim that "American policy offered the Russians no real choice...[and] the United States used or deployed its preponderance of power" (Doc 2) and these actions caused the Cold War. The Post-Revisionist position is that the Cold War was initiated both by the United States and the USSR. Through the analysis of documents and other sources, the actual cause of the 'war' lies with both powers. Both powers caused the Cold War because, although the US and the USSR were allied during World War Two, the USSR and US had different ideologies and aims of the war that conflicted after the war was over and the threat that each power imposed on the other. The primary cause of the Cold War is the exceedingly bipolar systems of government that the USSR and the US were administered under. The US had a democracy and had, in April of 1945, just said farewell to one of the most liberal presidents that ever had been elected. By making many social reforms, President Roosevelt pulled the US out of the crippling depression and into on of the most prosperous decades ever. The aims of the US are evident in the 'Atlantic Charter', which was signed by Churchill and Roosevelt in August of 1914. According to the Charter, the US would "seek no aggrandizement.... respect the rights of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live.... bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations.... [and seek] the abandonment of the use of force" (Doc 4). While still early in the war, the 'Atlantic Charter' was later adopted by the United Nations and remains, to this day, one of the cornerstones of the western world. However, the o ther power that emerged still 'intact' after the war, the USSR had a very different way of government and dissimilar aims of the war. The USSR was a communist nation and had Stalin its dictator. "From the Soviet perspective, extending the borders of the USSR and dominating the formerly independent states of eastern Europe would provide security and would be proper compensation for the fearful losses the Soviet people had endured in the war" (p.

Constantine vs Ashoka

Tamika Wright Constantine vs. Ashoka World Civilization: Jackson State University Dr. Susan S Maneck When reviewing the histories of the religions of Christianity and Buddhism, you can not help but come across the names of Ashoka and Constantine the Great. Even though Ashoka and Constantine aided in the spread of their empires and respective religions they had different reasons for doing so. Constantine, the son of a Roman Army officer was trained as a solider early on in his life. While he was growing up the role of emperor changed hands many times.Until and Roman general name Diocletian seized the throne During the leadership of Diocletian, he made a reform where he appointed Maximian, as a co emperor and two others co-rulers who became known as the Caesares. One of the Casesares was Constantius, Constantine the Great’s father, to a section of the empire that he divided into four territories. The rules of this new division of land came to be called the Tertiary. With this ne w older of power, the Roman Empire became stable again. Although many years had passed since Diocletian came to rein, he still had one problem that he had not dealt with.He somewhat despised that Christian population of the empire because they would not worship that Roman Emperor as a divine figure. This was a major issue for Diocletian because the Christian population had been steadily growing and if they started to outnumber those who worshipped the emperor as a godly figure then that would put a damper on the Tertiary’s leadership. Also, the Christians would not declare their loyalty to the state through sacrifices, taxation or imperial service. To fix this dilemma, Diocletian proclaimed that any person that worshipped the Christian faith was an enemy of state.He ordered his subordinates to persecute bishops and priests trying to compel the Christians to become loyal to him. Many Christians stood their grounds, refusing to surrender regardless the ruthless acts of Diocleti an and his subordinates. This battle went on until Diocletian died. Soon after the death of Diocletian, Constantius followed thereafter. Because he had become a skilled fighter, the soldiers under Constantius’s rule awarded Constantine the role of their new leader. Constantine lead them to many victories, one in particular, the battle of Milan Bridge.After the battle of Milan Bridges, there was only one enemy left name Licinius. Because of Constantines’s victory against Maxenius at the Battle of Milan Bridge, Licinius decided to accept Constantine as authority and ended the long fought war. The only thing left for Constantine to deal with was the Christian population of his empire. My opinion is that he basically said you cannot beat them join them. According to an artivle I found, â€Å"In 313, Constantine releases an edict for Milan that shocked the Roman world, The Edict of Milan stipulated that henceforth, all religions, including Christianity, would be tolerated by Roman authorities. By doing this, Constantine put himself in a position where he was well liked by the majority of the population. True enough they would not worship him as a god but by accepting their beliefs it gave him another type of power. It was basically like the saying you catch more flies with honey than with vinegar. Constantine stopped the killing of Christians started by previous leadership, which made the Christian community grateful. This also put them in Constantine’s corner. So from then on, they mostly agreed with anything he wanted to do.He built on the organization of the empire government by mimicking the chain of power in the Christian leadership. He also assigned some of the positions of leadership in the empire to bishops and priests of the Christian Religion because they already understood how to lead and how important a chain of command is to a thriving culture. By doing this would also increase his political control. He exempted the Bishops and ma ny of the churches from imperial taxation. He also pushed the Christian community to come up with one centralized idea of what a Christian is and rules they should live by.Now Ashoka on the other hand, unlike Constantine The Great, did not agree with war at all. He saw war as a waste of time and resources. â€Å"According to his own accounts, Ashoka conquered the Kalinga country in the eighth year of his reign. The sufferings that the war inflicted on the defeated people moved him to such remorse that he renounced armed conquests. It was at this time that he came in touch with Buddhism and adopted it. Under its influences and prompted by his own dynamic temperament, he resolved to live according to and preach the dharma. Ashoka used his power as ruler to spread the teachings of Buddhism by word of mouth. He also wrote some of them down. In my view or opinion, Ashoka was very sincere when it came to the acceptance and spread of the Buddhism religion. He did not necessarily want the power, but he used it in a way that bettered the people he was appointed to control. â€Å"Ashoka Repeatedly declared that he understood dharma to be the energetic practice, of the sociomoral virtues of honestly, truthfulness, compassion.Mercifulness, benevolence, considerate behavior toward all, â€Å"little sin and many good deeds, â€Å" nonextravagance, nonaxquistiveness, and noninjury to animals. : â€Å" He spoke of no particular mode of religious creed or worship, nor of any philosophical doctrines, He spoke of Buddhism only to his coreligionists and not to others. : Like Constantine, Ashoka used the priests and highly appointed people to help him build the empire and the spread of the religion. They both also aiding in the building of hospitals and roads.Ashoka was well liked and remembered because of his leadership and his many writings like the quote; â€Å"All men are my children. As for my own children I desire that they may be provided with all the welfare and happ iness of the worlds and of the next, so do I desire for all men as well. † In conclusive resolution, Ashoka and Constantine are very much similar in which they are very strong leaders who were typically well liked by the people they ruled, their empires thrived with the growth of the religion but in some ways they differ like I believe that Ashoka was more sincere in his belief in Buddhism.Whereas, Constantine I think used the Christian religion to advance his position of power. By tolerating Christianity, he gained the trust of the majority of the population of his empire. So this made them, the people who practiced Christianity like him. There for in a way they still did what he wanted them to do without technically forcing them to do it. It like when you ask someone to do something rather than forcing them or demanding them they are more likely to do what you asked. 1

Reparations: African Americans Justice Essay

The United States government should pay reparations to African Americans as a means of admitting their wrong-doing and making amends. The damages African Americans have sustained from White America’s policy of slavery have been agonizing and inhumane. Therefore, I am in favor of reparations for African Americans. The effect of slavery has been an enduring issue within the African American community. Many of us are cognizant of the harm racism brought to the African American race, conveyed through slavery, racial segregation and discrimination. African Americans suffered many atrocities, but the greatest damage done to them was the destruction of they’re original identity. African Americans no longer have a native language or any African customs to connect them to Africa. Today, African Americans are connected together because they all share a common foundation-the horrendous experience of slavery-and the great effort to conquer its lingering result. (www. AcedemicLibrary. com) Americans should realize the magnitude of slavery’s consequences on African Americans as a whole. Blacks were brainwashed and stripped of self-esteem and taught to be ashamed of dark color of their skin. Many African Americans have effortlessly tried to advocate â€Å"Black Pride†, trying to re-instill self-worth and being proud of our distinct facial and body features, and darker complexions. African Americans had zilch to begin with after the abolishment of slavery in 1865. Slaves were promised a â€Å"mule/ and 40 acres† and they didn’t live to receive it nor did generations to follow; because the American government has yet to live up to its word. The fruit of the slaves’ labor was stolen from the â€Å"land of the free†. The victims of the White people’s African slave trade never experienced such freedom. This race deserves compensation for the mistreatment Pongee Bryant it has suffered and continues to endure. Paying reparations to the descendants of African American slaves would bring about a tremendous improvement for the advancement of Black America. (Douglass, Fredrick, 1845, Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass). White Americans have profited from education, life experiences, riches that were handed down by their ancestors. As well, African Americans have been handed down the hardship of race-related issues, poverty, and the unknown history of their past. African Americans have constantly been inflicted with the social status of their low-income level in contrast with that of White Americans. America should be ashamed for their mistreatment of a race that did not ask or even desire to reside in this country. Yet, they still wear their ugly face of racism, and discrimination, and only seek to segregate African Americans, as if they were at fault. Americans may argue Blacks shouldn’t be complaining, whining, and to pull themselves up by their boot straps. Well, Martin Luther King once said â€Å"White America wants us to pull ourselves up from our boot straps, but we don’t have any boots†. (Shuttlesworth, Fred, 1999, A Fire You Can’t Put Out). The U. S. government has a moral responsibility to this race of people to compensate, African American’s because they were denied their heritage, religion, family, and culture. America alleges it is a religious-based country and their faith resides in God. The bible says: â€Å"If a man steal an ox, or a sheep, and kill it, or sell it; he shall restore five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep. † This country consistently contradicts itself in the way it wants to be perceived. If America has any belief in God, they should feel an obligation to compensate the African American descendants of slave ancestors. (Exodus 22, Bible). Pongee Bryant White Americans may argue that the country did enough when it passed the Civil Rights Act in 1960. They may also state America has enough resources and equal opportunity for each individual of every race to succeed. However, there is a huge wealth gap in social status among blacks and whites mostly because of oppression, discrimination and racism toward the modern day contemporary black. Whether anybody wants to admit it, there is still a glass ceiling (i. e. ,a status barrier) against African Americans. Reparations would bring African Americans justice and economic power in this country. There are numerous black reparation organizations which could receive the money and distribute it evenly among African Americans, to incorporate black-owned businesses, home ownership, and better education selective for young and old blacks. These reparation organizations could also invest money into smaller black-owned businesses, and other industries that would further the African American race, and ensure a rapid growth of African American middle-class and beyond. (Robert J. Brym/ John Lie, Sociology) The exploitation of African Americans in this country took on many forms through decades. The centuries of slavery in this country laid the foundation of our current relationship to America. From cotton fields to building America’s most significant buildings African Americans have helped build the wealth in this country. Yet, the African American race has endured the most terrorism from the Ku Klux Klan, lynchings, plantation jails, police torture and murder, and poverty. Slavery was a crime against humanity; and it still is in existence in many other ways and forms. America has created a system with, voter discrimination, drugs, and drug sentences to keep the African Pongee Bryant American man enslaved. The government should compensate the African American race and put an end to a never-ending oppression cycle. The government of the United States of America was instrumental in having pressured the German and Japanese governments into the payments of reparations to the people who suffered and survived the crimes and legacy of slavery endured during World War II. The government of the United States has also already paid reparations to the Japanese-Americans who were detained in concentration camps during World War II. America calls herself a fair nation: a civilized country which respects civil and human rights, encourages opportunity for and well-being of all her people, and can be trusted by other nations as a county whom honors her word. Well, America promised African Americans 40 acres and a mule and didn’t live up to her promise. America’s attitude and silence on reparations reeks of hypocrisy. (X, Malcolm, Biography of Malcolm X). America should also pay reparations to African Americans because they consistently want us to labor for their work and take all the credit. For instance America is at fault for African American dead and injured men who served and were drafted in the Vietnam War. America put young black men on the front-line of a war they had nothing to do with nor helped contribute to. America wanted a race that was not yet â€Å"capable† of voting but was competent enough to fight in a war. A race that did not have the option of drinking from any fountain, sitting anywhere on a bus, using any bathroom, however we were fit for fighting. The point is America constantly benefits from African Americans, but refuses to compensate African Americans for their contributions to this country. (www. AcedemicLibrary. com).