Cellular pathology: importance of dyes in identifying normal and abnormal histological features of tissues

Introduction In the study of tissues, histological staining is important in order to study cellular structures, intracellular and extracellular substances at the microscopic level (Stevens and Lowe, 1997). Staining is an auxiliary technique used in microscopy to enhance contrast in images obtained and to highlight structures. Stains may be used to define and examine bulk tissues, cell populations or organelles within individual cells; histological features useful for biological research and/or diagnosis in medicine (Bancroft and Cook, 1994). The importance of dyes in identifying normal and abnormal histological features of tissues is herein discussed. Medical and biological research is underpinned by knowledge of the normal structure and function of cells and tissues as well as the organs and structures they make up (histology) Understanding disease in the context of structure-function relationships (histopathology) enables differentiation between normal tissues and abnormal tissues in a particul ar disease state (Cook, 2008). The differentiation of these enabled by the identification and understanding of the divergence of normal and abnormal histology is highly beneficial in disease diagnostics and therapeutics (Bancroft and Gamble, 2008). Such essential study disciplines are based on a thorough understanding and ability to recognise basic tissue types which combine to form the different organs of the body. Understanding normal structure of tissues is essential to the identification of altered structure (Lakhani, et al., 1998). With knowledge of normal histology, one can see the types, location and scope of cells involved in disease, whether their intrinsic morphology is impacted indicating cellular dysfunction, and whether higher order tissue structure is impaired which indicates organ dysfunction (Stevens and Lowe, 2000).Histopathology, on the other hand, encompasses the means to verify accurate models of particular diseases based on understanding the visual picture of mo lecular mechanisms differentiated from normal (Kiernan, 1999). In the normal healthy state, cells and other elements of tissue are arranged in regular recognisable patterns. Tissues usually have particular defining characteristics such as surface structure and shapes and formations of constituent cells which are used in their identification and assessment of function (Stevens and Lowe, 1997). Changes in these patterns can be induced by a wide range of chemical and physical influences such as microbial infection and cell malignancy in cancer are reflected by structural alterations at the microscopic level (Lakhani, et al., 1998). Many diseases such as Cancer are also characterised by typical structural and chemical abnormalities which vary the normal pattern of tissues (Lakhani et al., 1998). This is the basis of microscopic examination of specimens. Examination of various specimen and differentiation of structures is challenged as tissue sections or smears obtained from biopsies or aspirations appear dull and less detailed when viewed in light microscopy. This is because the fixed materials in the preparation have a similar refractive index and have a similar grey colour which makes it difficult to identify the structure of the tissues (Kiernan, 1999). It is essential to stain the cells/tissues to enable better visualisation of the different structures in contrasting colours (Bancroft and Cook, 1994). Staining is most commonly carried out through the use of histological dyes which are coloured organic compounds obtained from natural sources or from synthetic production that selectively bind to or concentrate in various cell and tissue structures (Kiernan, 1999). Dyes contain auxochromes which are chemical components that enable attachment to tissue such as the ionisable –OH group, and chromophores which are substances added to absorb visible light responsible for the colour observed. Colour arises when an attached chromophore molecule absorbs certain wa velengths of visible light (Bancroft and Gamble, 2008). Most modern dyes such as the Haematoxylin and Eosin stains commonly used are synthesised from simpler organic molecules, usually benzene or one of its derivatives (Kiernan, 1999). Stains are generally aimed as special probes, which possess variable specificity depending on the unique ionization or chemical reaction with tissue structures and components (Stevens and Lowe, 1997). Staining does not result in a random colouring of the tissue specimens, but rather exploits the differences in the chemical structure of the tissue. This is shown by colour variation depending on which dye is bound. Colours acquired reflect the nature of the tissues and their properties and proffers an advantage in the revelation of specific parts or areas (Cook, 2008). This enables detailed visualisation of structures including cell structures such as the cytoplasm, nucleus and organelles, as well as extra-cellular components. Additionally, under certai n conditions such as glycogen storage diseases, staining (in this case using the Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) to detect carbohydrates) can reveal molecular compounds and differences associated with pathological conditions (Lakhani, et al., 1998). Enhanced capacity for visualisation and identification of structures is the primary advantage for the use of dyes in staining of tissue specimen. Tissue staining therefore plays a critical role in tissue-based diagnosis and research allowing the visualization of tissue morphology and histological features, and in distinguishing normal and abnormal histological features (Cook, 2008; Stevens and Lowe, 1997; Kiernan, 1999). These observations are sufficient to allow analysis of tissue health and diagnosis of disease. Histological dyes commonly used for staining in light microscopy include the Haematoxylin and Eosin stain (H&E), Van Giessen, Masson’s Trichrome, and Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), among others. The H&E stain is the most commonl y used stain for light microscopy in histology and histopathology. It is routinely used as it provides a very detailed view of the tissue achieved by staining cell structures staining the nuclei a dark blue or purple, and the cytoplasm and connective tissue in shades of pink (Cook, 2008). Staining using these and other dyes forms a critical part of the diagnostic picture given the sufficient contrast obtained for the display of tissue morphology (Stevens and Lowe, 1997). In conclusion, staining is an essential process in histology and histopathology with its primary advantage being the enhancement of contrast between different components of the tissue specimen, particularly as seen in light microscopy. The overall objective of histology is to acquire knowledge of normal tissues and organs, which is essential to understanding the altered structure and function of diseased cells, tissues and organs. There is no doubt that the use of dyes to allow for differentiation between normal and abnormal tissues is fundamental to our understanding of this. References Bancroft, J., and Gamble, M., (2008). Theory and practice of histological techniques. PA, USA: Elsevier Bancroft, D. and Cook C., (1994). Manual of Histological Techniques and their Diagnostic Application. PA, USA: Churchill Livingstone – Elsevier. Cook, D., (2008) Cellular Pathology. 2nd Edition, Chatham: Scion Publishing Ltd. Kiernan, A., (1999). Histological and Histochemical Methods. Theory and Practice (3rd Ed). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Lakhani, R., Dilly, A., and Finalyson, J., (1998) Basic Pathology: An Introduction to the Mechanisms of Disease (2nd Ed). London: Arnold. Stevens, A., and Lowe, J., (1997). Human Histology. (2nd Ed) Edinburgh: Mosby. Stevens, A., and Lowe, J., (2000). Pathology 2nd Ed Mosby: Edinburgh.

How to Treat Depression Without Medication Essay

While it takes more than a simple â€Å"lifestyle change† to effectively attack a medical issue such as depression, it is not more medication that this Country needs more of, but rather a greater awareness, better mental health education and greater access to therapy for those suffering from this condition. Depression is as much an organic, physiological issue as a broken bone or heart problem but because it cannot be â€Å"seen† it is often ignored, dismissed, mistreated or over-medicated by the vast majority of healthcare providers. Today’s HMO driven, medication dependent society tends to throw pharmaceutical â€Å"band-aids† at the problem of depression. A more holistic, therapeutic approach, ideally involving the family/support system of the patient would, in the long run, be both a more effect and lasting treatment for the patient and more cost effective as well. While depression can, in fact, be helped by the use of proper medications, any long-term treatment must include counseling/therapy and significant and lasting lifestyle changes. Depression is, in fact, the catalyst that has lead me to pursue my current academic and professional dream to become a Psychologist. It is also something that I have a great deal of personal experience with, both as a parent of a clinically depressed teenager and as a woman living with a depressive disorder myself. In my own personal experience, the majority of doctors tend to â€Å"throw medication† at the issue of depression, when in fact, for many patients, therapeutic counseling and psychotherapy is often all that is needed. This tendency to medicate first and counsel second, especially in teens, can be irreparably damaging. Psychological medications, by their very nature, effect brain chemistry and can have huge negative side effects: suicidal tendencies, physical aggression, dramatic weight gain (which can have psychological and other medical side effects of its own), to name a few. These side effects can often times be even more emotionally damaging and dangerous to the patient than the depression itself. In 1998, after years of struggling, I was diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. My own personal struggle with depression has also involved quite a few medications, with varying successes and varying degrees of side-effects. While searching for an effective treatment for me, my doctors prescribed any number of SSRIs, Beta Blockers and other commonly prescribed medications for the treatment of depressive disorders. I fought with sexual side effects, weight gain, crippling panic attacks, suicidal thoughts and more. In the end, I chose to wean myself from the medication and focus on therapy and the necessary lifestyle changes that go along with it. It is still a daily struggle and a choice to be happy and fight the â€Å"demons† that haunt me, but with the help of God, my family and my therapist, I am happier and more â€Å"well-adjusted† than ever before in my life. In a developing brain, like that of a depressed adolescent, these potentially hazardous side effects can be even more detrimental. In 2006, My then 14 year old daughter, when faced with depression due to her parents’ divorce and adjustment to life as an â€Å"Army Brat,â€Å" was put on Prozac by her Family Practice Physician. Within 30 days she had to be hospitalized and detoxified after suffering a psychotic episode at school and weeks of suicidal and homicidal thoughts. After a year of numerous diagnoses, multitudes of different psychological medications and weight gain of almost 80 pounds, she was no more emotionally stable than she was when she had begun the treatment. With the assistance of a new Psychiatrist and Primary Care Physician, we weaned her off all of the psychological medications and instead enrolled her in bi-weekly, one-on-one counseling with a Psychologist. It took her almost 3 years to undo the damage the experience with the hospital and medication trials had inflicted on her. She is finally doing well, is stable and uses counseling, meditation, breathing techniques and a number of other therapeutic tools to deal with the stresses of life, rather than continuing to be medication-dependent and suffering the side effects of those medications.

Jane Elliot’s Experiment

A Divided Class From the moment our country was created, one of the main liberties we asked for was the idea of equality, â€Å"that all men will be created equal. † Although this has been a part of the American ideal since 1776, American’s have not fulfilled this liberty. Individuals do not admit it, but many are still prejudice against minorities, particularly African Americans. In the 1960’s, around the time when Martin Luther King Jr. as fighting for civil rights for people of color, a 3rd grade school teacher, Jane Elliot, from Riceville, Iowa was busy at work in an attempt to recreate the negative emotional and physical effects of racism within her classroom. She created an experiment in which she divided her students into unequal groups as a way of creating artificial stereotypes, prejudices, and discrimination. Jane Elliot eventually expanded her experiments into the adult population. She has done these experiments on corrections workers in prisons, as we ll as college students.Through all these experiments, Jane Elliot has made many conclusions and generalizations that can directly relate back to the real world, and hopefully aid in solving the problem of racism. Jane Elliot’s experimentation with stereotypes first began within the walls of her 3rd grade classroom. Before the experiment began she asked the students for their opinions on minority groups. Many of the students answered with statements regarding black people as being dumb and different than whites. They also discussed how African Americans do not have the same opportunities as white people do because of the color of their skin.Jane Elliot continued by effectively dividing the students into unequal groups based on eye color. From the initial division, Jane Elliot treated the students in the brown eyed group as if they were inferior to those in the blue eyed group. She set a vast amount of boundaries limiting what those in the bottom could do, and in contrast expan ding what those in the top could do. This document had a lot of great points that stood out as I viewed the film. The fact that these third grades actually understood this exercises was one point that just touched my heart.If little babies can understand that racism is not the way to go; then adults should be about to let it go as well and treat everyone equal. Another thing that stood out is when Jane Elliot was doing the study with the adults in her and another white lady were going back in forward with one another. That caught my eye since the white lady felt like she could talk to Jane Elliot any kind of way. In the real world a lot of white people do feel that they are above everyone and can say and do as they please. In that incident just goes to show the truth to that.Three social psychology terms I remember from the film â€Å"A Divided Class† were stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination. These three terms stuck with me because they are basically the base terms when it comes to social psychology. Stereotype is the generalization about a group of people in which certain traits are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members. This goes hand to hand with the film since the kids were made to believe that everyone with brown eyes was less than the kids with blue eyes.That is stereotyping since they did not try to get to know one another for who they really are but for what they were told about them. Prejudice is a hostile or negative attitude toward a distinguishable group of people, based solely on their membership of that group. For example, Jane Elliot told the blue eye kids to be mean and not listen to the brown eye kids. This was done to show the meaning of prejudice. Since the kids gave the brown eye kids a very negative attitude just because they had brown eyes. Discrimination is unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because his or her membership in that group.The kids in class did not allow the brown eye kids to play on the big toy that was an act of discrimination. They were being negative since the kids had brown eyes and not blue. In closing, when I meet people who seem racist or come from families where parents have told them that black does more bad stuff then us white folks, I always ask â€Å"what if we all had the same skin color? Who would be the bad guy? I believe it is the fear, it is always easier to point fingers telling, hey it’s because he is black, hey it’s because he got a mental illness, however people would be in shock soon as someone say he is a normally family guy† then you can’t point fingers. I some time feel victimize, and it’s hard to accept and realized how evil some people can be and how judgmental they are as well. On the other hand, this film has really help open my eyes to the real world. In you should never judge a book by its cover because you don’t know wher e and what it has been through. This experiment should be express through all school, starting at a young age because that will be the back bone on rather or not the student will grow up being prejudice towards others. show more

Macroeconomics vs. microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macroeconomics vs. microeconomics - Essay Example Macroeconomics uses the general equilibrium theory to study the economy as a whole. The aggregates used by macroeconomics for the study include national income as well as output, the rate of unemployment and inflation level. It also uses some sub aggregates like spending on consumptions and investments and their components. Macroeconomics also examines the effect of fiscal and monetary policy. It can be characterized as modeling of sectors on the basis of some micro components. The factors that have the potential to affect the long term growth prospects as well as can affect the level of national income is not outside the purview of macroeconomic analysis. The factors that have such kind of potential include changes in technology, capital accumulation and growth of the labor force (Cencini, 2005, p. 2). The models of macroeconomics and the forecasted results determined using those models is in need for the government as well as for the large ownerships as this kind of analysis will h elp them in their path of development and build new strategies of business. Some of the famous macroeconomic models include Aggregate demand and the aggregate supply model and the ISLM model. The once divided fields of monetary policy and the business cycles led to the emergence of macroeconomics. The contribution of J.M. Keynes to macroeconomics cannot be ignored. His book â€Å"General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money† depicts the key concepts of macroeconomics. He offered a modern theory of economics which dealt with the problem on why the market is not clear and eventually a school of economists evolved who seemed to follow the Keynesian theory (Andolfatto, 2005, p. 2). Microeconomics It deals with the behavior of the basic elements within the economy. The agents involved in microeconomics include households and firms. It mainly tries to analyze the behavior of the firms and households with the market (Barro, 1997, p. 3). Microeconomics can be defined as the study of economics that analyses the actions of the individual players and structure of the markets where they operate. Microeconomics takes care of the private, domestic as well as the public players. The study relating to the interaction of these players in the market is called microeconomics. The various structures of market that is examined in microeconomics include perfect competition, monopoly, and monopolistic competition. Production is defined under microeconomics as inputs into outputs. Production can thus be defined as the flow of output over a period of time. The most directly observable attributes under microeconomics are price and quantity. The coordination or the relationship of price with quantity demanded is explained using the law of demand (Dilts, 2004). The law of demand is applied in microeconomics to determine the price and output in a market structure of perfect competition where no sellers or the buyers have the capability to determine or control the market price. Microeconomic analysis is applied by the business firms as they involve themselves in quantitative research and statistical methods with the aim to make strategic decisions. One of the objectives of microeconomics is to analyze the mechanisms of market. It sets up the relative prices amongst the services and the goods and also allocates the limited resources among the many available alternative uses. Some of the significant fields of study under this branch of economics include asymmetric information, general

Robotic Heart Surgery and its Benefits Research Paper

Robotic Heart Surgery and its Benefits - Research Paper Example After all, the perceived increase in financial burdens a more universal health care bill would place on the public – higher taxes, higher costs for businesses, higher co-pay fees, etc. – was the main argument used by the strongest opponents of the bill (Hossain and Quealy, 2010). Implementing change, especially in health care, is always difficult to accomplish for several reasons. As Underdahl (2009) argued in a study, even a seemingly simple procedure as getting a signed informed consent form from a patient can be a tough challenge even in a health care system where the major players are educated and informed professionals. When the change is a new technology, the resistance to change and the difficulty in adapting becomes an even greater challenge, especially when surgeons are involved (Geer, 2000). This is the case with Robotic Heart Surgery or RHS, a new technology that has received mixed reactions from all sectors of the health care field. The purpose of this paper is to show that RHS, one of the â€Å"relatively recent† variations of Minimally-Invasive Cardiac Surgery or MICS, is a beneficial and viable alternative that can help meet the goal of the Health Care Reform Act of 2010: better and affordable health care for more Americans. This paper will show that RHS is better, safer and more acceptable to patients and a new breed of heart surgeons. In addition, despite its high initial costs, RHS can be more economical in the long run and make heart surgery affordable to more patients. These developments would also have an impact on the work of health care professionals. In view of the benefits of RHS, and despite initial opposition of many to the new technology, its wider acceptance must be promoted and steps must be taken to prepare health care practitioners for the potential increase in the number of people availing of the procedure.

Topic-Gold stocks and index performance comparison Research Paper

Topic-Gold stocks and index performance comparison - Research Paper Example When a country’s currency devalues significantly, gold held by central banks and Federal Reserve can be used in trade as a means of exchange to facilitate trade. For governments to hedge against instability in currency, gold is deposited in reserve by governments, private individual and companies to be exchange when need arises. A country’s development is pegged on the amount of gold in its reserves and is used to determine the value of a country’s currency. With a good reserve of gold, economic stability is realized alongside stable commodity prices in a country (World Gold Council). The United States ties its dollar on the price of gold and gold in its reserves which in turn the international community tie their currency against the value of the US Dollar. This explains the reason why the dollar is the widely accepted means of foreign exchange against all currencies in the world. Before 1971, gold was the only exchange standard. Since then, international cooper ative monetary system has been used. Instead, it has remained trading in the international markets freely, with forces of demand and supply determining its mean price just like any other commodities. Though it has been replaced by international monetary system, gold still enjoys about 13% official reserves around the world as a cornerstone reserve asset. Gold as a commodity has been trading in the international market, often fetching high prices in times of economic turmoil. When the international financial markets are in great upheaval, traders dumb the socks and other financial instruments to save the devaluation of the positions in gold reserves. For example, when the prices of stocks or other forms of securities are falling, traders resort to buying gold. This takes to the hypothesis that, when the price of stock index is falling, the price if gold rises. Over the recent past, there has been sharp increases I the prices of gold as most of the major financial markets were falteri ng around the world. This is so because gold has been seen as a substitute investment instrument to the financial system. Currently the price of an ounce of gold in the international market is about $1,608. S&P 500 is one of the major indices in the United States that can be used in this study to compare its performance against that of gold. To get the relationship in movement and to proof the hypothesis quarterly performances can be looked at with a main focus in the pre and after 2008 financial crisis. The explanation to the relationship that can be adduced is found on the graph. S&P 500, alongside other indices in the United States like Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) and NASDAQ, have been observed to be inversely correlated with the price of gold over time (World Gold Council). When there is exists uncertainty in the economy and by extension the financial markets, investors tend to offload their positions in stocks and other securities to buy the save haven; gold. Gold has b een taken as the ultimate safe haven as explained earlier. When there is an imbalance between supply and demand for shares, the prices will either pick up or tumble depending on the two forces. When there exist jitters on the stability of the economy which will affect the performance of the listed companies in the securities exchange the shares will drop in their valuation. Investors buy stocks expecting to get returns either from good dividends or appreciation in the share prices, increasing the net worth of an

Can micro-finance schemes solve the problem of rural poverty OR Is Essay

Can micro-finance schemes solve the problem of rural poverty OR Is poverty a sufficient or necessary explanation for child labourArgue in line with reference to strategies totackle child labour - Essay Example In fact persistence poverty can even dampen the prospects of economic growth. The poor stand to benefit when investments are made to ensure better health and education leading to increased current consumption and higher future incomes. To eradicate poverty it is also essential to understand the causes of poverty. Political instability, ill-defined property rights, discrimination on the basis of race, gender and sex, rapidly growing families without sustainable income are some of the causes of rural poverty. Macroeconomic stability and public investment in the physical and social infrastructure are the basic requirements to reduce poverty. However, at the individual level, microfinance was considered by Muhammad Yunus as the way to help the poor start an income that could eventually bring them out of the state of poverty. Microfinance, according to the World Bank, is the ‘provision of financial services’ (including saving and credit) to ‘the poor’ (Irobi, 2008). The purpose of microfinance is to engage the people in economic activities, make them self-reliant, increase employment oppurtunities and enhance their household income and wealth (Emeni, 2008). The basic idea behind starting the microfinance loan scheme for the rural poor was to provide loans to them without collateral security. This was based on trust and selflessness. According to Yunus, people do not seek charity but an oppurtunity to grow and become economically independent. To this extent, the concept of microfinance had a noble purpose the economic growth of the people and thereby the nation. Neo-liberalism is also based on the premise that human welfare can be served best when the state withdrawn from the welfarist policies (Karim, 2009). Neo-liberalism, a social and moral philosophy, has also been described as a way of governance where governing relies on calculative choices and techniques. The subjects have to act in accordance of the

Terms and Definitions Worksheet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Terms and Definitions Worksheet - Essay Example It believes that diversity is important for nature and the environment to survive. The branch of philosophy that speaks of mans excessive importance to material wealth. In this belief, all other ethics and behavior take a low priority and man and the society is interested only money and wealth and other things that money can buy. This is the branch of philosophy that deals with items out of the reach of the five physical senses. It would attempt to explain the nature of forces that cannot be seen or felt and that are outside the natural world. The concept of philosophy that believes in extending a moral standing to all living things including plants and animals. While the traditional concept is that murder of human beings is wrong, in this branch, even killing of cats, dogs and other living things is considered as immoral. The practice of philosophy in which there is respect for diversity of religion, race, ethnicity, social and culture background. In this type, people from different races or religions and languages are encouraged to participate. In this philosophy, all phenomena and occurrence are explained as due to natural laws and causes. It is assumed that everything operates in the universe as per the laws defined by nature, there is nothing such as miracles, and all occurrences can be examined with scientific studies. The belief that everything such as truth is not absolute but changes with time and per perceptions of different people. All beliefs, morals and behavior from history need to be judged as per the social standards of those times. The belief that an action is valued only by understanding how useful it is. It refers to more the practical use of ideas, objects and inventions rather than a theosophical expectation of what a thing would

PI Darren Aronofsky 1998 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PI Darren Aronofsky 1998 - Essay Example This paper will discuss question number one of the instructions stated that is a central theme that suggests looking at the ‘face of God’ can only be done by verbalizing a string of numbers. A central theme in the film which discusses the face of God is the theme of Kabbalah. Kabbalah refers to an esoteric discipline, method or school of thought (Huntley 1). Sean Gullette, in Pi, acts as Maximillian Cohen. He is a paranoid mathematician looking for a number to unchain the patterns set up in nature. Max uses his homemade PC named "Euclid" to investigate these arithmetical patterns. The 216-letter phrase of God sought by the actors of the film refers to as the Explicit Name or the Shem ha-Meforash (Huntley 1). The name comes from the book Exodus 14:19-21. Each of these three bible verses is composed of 72 letters in traditional Hebrew. According to the film, if a person writes these verses in boustrophedon form, then the person gets 72 columns of 3 letter names of God (Huntley 1). Boustrophedon form means that one verse is above the other, the first from right to left. Then the second verse is from left to right and the third is from right to left. The nature of the Divine, according to Pi, prompted kabbalists to foresee two aspects of God. The first aspect is that God is totally unknowable, transcendent, limitless and simple. The second aspect is that God’s manifestation revealed his persona of which He creates and aids mankind (Huntley 1). The film speaks of the first as Ein/Ayn Sof, which means that God that literary has no limits. Of the unfriendly Ein Sof, nothing can be understood. The second feature of Divine emanations, nevertheless, are available to human awareness, vigorously interacting throughout physical and spiritual existence, reveal God immanently, and are tied up in the life of humans (Huntley 1).  

Windows displays Essay Example for Free

Windows displays Essay Firstly I had to choose the idea for the window display. I searched internet, looked in windows displays to other shops, heard to the advice of friends and decided to choose brandy. I selected the brandy, because I saw many examples in other window displays and much information about the brandy can be found on the Internet. Secondly, I made a few pictures on similar windows displays in town for my story board. In my story board I used different colour from light yellow to brown. I chose these colours, because, when we hear the word of brandy, we mean the following colours: light yellow, amber, light brown and brown. After the new oak barrels for 7-8 months, the alcohol becomes a light golden colour and filled with tannins. After 4-5 years, this metamorphosis occurs. Brandy alcohol becomes soft, velvety and rich. This is reflected in the variety of flower and fruit colours, as well as in sweet vanilla flavour, which appear primarily due to the transformation of lignin extracted from the oak. This flavour is a feature of young brandies. After 8-10 years of aging cognac alcohol becomes more gentle and harmonious. Inherent flavours much benefit in force, saturation, and persistence. Most important a bouquet, which is clearly felt by the noble tone leather, tobacco and honey. After 20 years, a bouquet of brandy alcohol becomes more intense and complex. To the shades of leather, tobacco and honey notes added candied orange, resins, mushrooms and undergrowth. You are so-called Rance (rancho) the aroma of an old, slightly oxidized wine, a little reminiscent of the forest, and almonds. This is the main characteristic of the good old spirits, which with age have become stronger. Brandy gets pretty fiery colour. The natural decline in the inherent strength and reduces the burning sensation of alcohol. The older the brandy, the longer it persists aftertaste (up to several minutes). I chose this style of writing (Mongolian Baiti 28), because it is well suited to the topic. I chose these accessories: glass, barrel and bottle, because brandy is stored in barrels, then bottle it off and drink out of glass. I hope my accessories were noticeable. Avoid excess pressure from the edge of your seat on the backs of your legs and knees. A footrest may be helpful, particularly for smaller users. Always carry scissors with the tapered end towards the floor; when passing to another person pass handle first. In this project I made pictures, chose colour and completed first window display in my life. I think this is good experience for me in the future. Displays are very effective in attracting the passing public to enter the shop and make purchases. If the window display or display outside the shop is attractive it immediately gives the impression that the goods inside are of good quality.

Social Media In Present Day

Social Media In Present Day Social media is a compilation of online platforms that allows public to communicate through different type of online features. These connective features can be sharing of knowledge and idea, networking, online discussion, and other content of communicating (Heesters, as cited in Schets, 2010, p. 22). The concept of social media just about existed ten years ago. However nowadays, social media are the fastest growing websites online and can be see there is a rapid and continuing increase in their audience and reach. By catching up with this online trends, there are increasing number of nonprofit organizations are using social media as aims to increase outreach, fundraising and recruitment capacity. Nonprofits exploit the online social networks to offer exponential possibilities for developing personal relationships. Once an organization established a good connection to an individual, that person can leverage his or her personal contacts (Tetrick, 2010). Today, there were about half a billion people around the world have Facebook accounts and nearly 200 million have Twitter accounts. These two social networking sites will be the most popular among internet users worldwide. Statistics illustrated public who are younger, wealthier and better educated in demographic segments use social media more than other groups (Beribe, as cited in Berube, 2010, p. 1 ). Social media able to reach more consumers globally as it continues to grow, especially with social networking and microblogging sites. These are the most commonly sites used for socialization and connecting with friends, parents, relatives, etc. Among all the Social Netwroking Sites that used by the nonprofits, Facebook and blogging got the most attention from public. There were also recent studies indicated that old generations are using social media frequently. Therefore, social media has the potential to widen audience for nonprofits (Pierce Wood Smith, as cited in Hovey, 2010, p.2). The chart below shows how Schets (2010) illustrated social medias key social platforms. A chart of the key social platforms (Source: Adapted from Schets, 2010) The Importance of social media The social media is an unpaid media, it is created by an individual and company on the internet. (Weber, as cited in Kichatov Mihajlovski, 2010, p. 6). Over last few years, social media has become universal and even more significance for social networking and content sharing. The emerging of social media has directly affect traditional media and broadcast media as the main promotional tools. (Asur Huberman, 2010) The main role of social media in an organization is to facilitate communications either with the organization and with one another, or on their own terms. The communications will only be more effective if the organizations target audience is already comfortable with social media tools (Tetrick, 2010). Social media is believe to has more opportunities than traditional media. For instance, blogs allow two-way dialog between an organization and its public (Seltzer Mitrook, as cited in Hovey, 2010, p.2). Moreover, social media platforms allow organizations to freely take advantage of existing social networks and virally spread their messages. For nonprofit organizations, social media sites, such as blogs and Twitter, provide new ways to engage publics in, fundraising, activism, and publicity (Kanter, 2007; Mattson Barnes, Waters, Burnett, Lamm Lucas, as cited in Tetrick, 2010, p. 15). Through social media, non profits organizations share the work of publicity and advocacy with volunteers. Their organizational information is open to public too (Cronk, Fine, Waters as cited in Tetrick, 2010, p. 12 ). Undeniable, it can be clearly seen that both the organizational communication and public relations have a rapid change due to todays internet technologies (Curtis, as cited in Tetrick, 2010, p.1). The previous public relations studies indicate that social media is widely being use in public relations sector, espcially the phenomenon of blogging have the potential to bring dramatic changes to many aspects of public relations. However, they do not use it to the fullest mean (Eyrich Padman Sweetser Kent Xifra Huertas, as cited in Hovey, 2010, p. 1) Accoding to the other public relations studies, the role of social media mainly help the organization to cultivate the relationships with their publics. Moreover, it allows the organizations to react immediately to the problem from their public (Wright Hinson, as cited in Hovey, 2010, p. 2). Furthermore, the internet technologies has become a publicity tool after President Barack Obamas election campaign. By the use of social media, he successfully raise around $750 million. Not only that, he able to mobilize more than 13 million supporters during his 2008 election (Scearce, as cited in Tetrick, 2010, p. 6). After reviewing the previous research studies, it can be conclude that social media is an essential tool which play the role in facilitating the overall communication process. By using social media, it can gain fresh support for the organization. Morover, by making them more immediate, open an avenue to a new audience, it can strengthen an organizations existing communication attempts. Social Media and Youth It can be say that young generations today grow up with the internet. Our young generations have the whole globe at the point of their finger tips. The emerging of the social media somehow is shaping and changing the way our young generations is communicating with others. Social media become their daily partner on the internet world. Through social media, youth able to get their relationship, friendship, information, entertainment, education, etc. It can be seen clearly that there were an obvious changing pattern of media use among young generation in present day (Jalil Jalil Latiff, 2010). The importance of charity awareness Charity awareness plays a key role in which it will create a desire for people to help others. Individual who has charitably aware instigates a sense of fulfilment to those who translate their desire to actions and thus improve the lives of those who are in need (Soft Power Education Blog, 2008). In this study, the awareness towards charity work refers to the capability to have an in-depth knowledge which will educate people more about charity work and encourage more people to be involves in charity work. By having charity awareness, it will indirectly create a desire to aid others. Individual who have charity awareness will try to think of ways and means to build bridges to deliver the task. As a consequence, it will reach a certain goal of fulfilment with oneself through the advancement of the lives of those less fortunate people who are the object of that charitable desire. Link between Social Media Charity Work Awareness Not surprisingly, all charities associations raise funds and need donations in order to sustain their causes. Without those funds, they will hardly survive in society. All the money received by charities is used for the cause each charity is committed to. The received funds used to help needy children and families and even protecting animals from human abuse, while a small amount is use for future fundraising activity. It is very significant for charity organizations to invest in fundraising so that it can attract new supporter and to inform public about the updated events and activities as well as latest information about the campaign. In this study, public who have charity awareness will automatically lent their hands to help those who is in needed. In present day, there were more and more charities use social media to promote their good cause. Basically, social media is a good promotional tool for charities to increase awareness among public. Many charities use social networking such as Facebook, Twitter and other online platform in promoting their causes. Previous research shows that by using social media to promote, it can make the campaign to be successful once done in the right way. CASE STUDY World vision Malaysia World Vision has been established in Malaysia for 14 years. It serves as the support office of World Vision International. It is a charity organization that assists the poor especially children to help themselves. It will collect fund from public then donate to people that in backward countries. There are three main programs in World Vision. They are Child Sponsorship program, 30- Hour Famine program and Gifts of Hope program. These programs aim to help child that is in need. Through Child Sponsorship program, public can sponsor needy children by just donate RM50 per month to provide them education, food and others. For 30- Hour Famine, participants are require fast for food for 30 hours in order to get them experiences the hunger that those children and families endure everyday. Besides, through Gifts of Hope program, public can sent gifts to the needy children or families that select from the catalogue such as school uniforms, livestock for families and others (World Vision Malaysi a, 2006). 30-hour Famine 30-Hour Famine began in Malaysia since 1997. It is known as a global movement against poverty and hunger worldwide. Its main purpose is to encourage public to donate and help children as well as families in need. The fund which collected will be able to help feed and care for tens of thousands of kids all over the world. Since famine intend to motivate ordinary people to care and assist for those unlucky and needed people, therefore participants will get to experiences hunger for 30 hours through the 30-Hour famine campaign that will be conducted once a year. During the fast for 30 hours, participants undertake different activities while learning about some global issues. They also learn what it takes to stop hunger in its tracks. The fast can be done with a group or individually, it is depend on the participants themselves. Due to 30-Hour Famine is powered by World Vision, the donors are not just feeding kids for a day but are helping them overcome poverty for a lifetime. 30-Hour Famine History World Vision was established in Malaysia in 1997. The first 30-Hour Famine in Malaysia was organized by The Sin Chew daily. It was successfully raises for around RM2.6 million. Although the crisis strikes was happened on 1999, but the 30-Hour Famine still continue to roll in. During this period, Fish Leong started to join the Famine and had her first performance. After this, Silvia Chang and Sally Woo become the ambassadors of the Famine at year 2000. The first off- site Famine was held in Penang in this year too. At the following year, HELP University College appeared to be the headquarters of the Famine after the Sin Chew. The Famine was held all together in KL, Johor and Penang. Their sponsor will be E-Excel and Nesh. In 2002, the Famine camp which is with English version was held. Its headquarter, HELP University College is assigned to be the host of both the English and Chinese Famine Camps. At 2003, the SARS epidemic is very serious and forced the Famine have to be postponed from May to July. Due to this reason, the Famine was held in Stadium Juara, Bukit Kiara KL for the first time. In order to show their caring to the community, the English campers visited local charities and presented proposals on their causes at 2004. After that, the first Volunteer Training Camp was held. On the other hand, due to campers form Johor began and ended their fast on the train, therefore, the Famine Express was born. In 2006, the Famine camp continue to gain a lot of enthusiastic responses from the public, an unprecedented number of newcomers join both the Chinese and English Famine camps. The media also play an important role in promoting the camps. During its 10th year anniversary at 2007, it was reported the Famine has been break the record whereby about 10, 000 sponsors, donors, volunteers and campers took part in its largest camp ever. Furthermore, the Famine stared to spread its wing to East Malaysia for the first time. In 2008, the Do it Yourself (DIY) camps were held across the nation. The Famine was also decentralised in order to widen its reach and empower its supporters. Since the issue of global food crisis is getting serious day by day, therefore, World Vision offices in Malaysia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, and Australia decided to focus on the Global Food Crisis. In Malaysia, it gain a good response from public in which there are about 100 DIY camps with the more than 10,000 campers joined the joined the cause of fighting global hunger and raise awareness on the food crisis among public. Identity 30-Hour Famine Logo World Visions vision statement Our vision for every child, life in all its fullness Our prayer for every heart, the will to make it so World Visions mission statement The mission of World Vision is to follow our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ in working with the poor and oppressed to promote human transformation, seek justice and bear witness to the good news of the Kingdom of God. World Visions core values The World Vision Partnership shares a common understanding bound together by six core values. With these core values, World Vision able to live and work towards because it treat the core values as the fundamental and guiding principles that determine World Visions actions. The six core values as below: We are Christian We value people We are partners We are committed to the poor We are stewards We are responsive Uses and gratifications Theory (UG) Uses and Gratification theory is a time-honored media use theory. It is a theory which is based on the concept that a person cannot influence by media unless he or she has some use for that media or its messages. (Ruggiero, as cited in Stafford Schkade, 2004, p. 226). Through this theory, it can help to understand consumer motivations for media use. UG theory was started in the 1940s when researchers interested to find out the reasons why audiences engaged in different types of media behavior (Wimmer Dominick, as cited in Ruggiero, 2000, p. 4). UG Theory illustrate how people actively seek out specify media and specify content to generate specify gratifications (West Turner, ac cited in Chasse, 2009, p. 2). Furthermore, it worked to explain media need for individual and individual involvement. Beginning in the 1920s and continue on into the 21st century, some media scholars have practised an in-depth understanding of human interaction with mass media, what effects media will on the audiences and how audiences use media. There are strong connections between media selection and the gratifications consumers seek. (Bantz, Blumler, McQuail, Mcleod, Becker, Rubin Ruggiero, as cited in Ancu Cozma, 2009, p. 569) There are 5 basic assumptions in UG theory. Firstly, the audience is considered active. Second, audience uses media with goal-oriented. Not only that, audience have self- awareness to know and understand well the purpose for using certain media. Third, different people own different type of communication behaviours. They are based upon psychological and social factors. Fourth, these two factors will influence how good media can serve and satisfy peoples needs and wants. People will select which media they like the most. Finally, people are sometimes more influential than media. People will chose other media to get information when they were not satisfy with the current media they chose (Rubin, as cited in Pornsakulvanich, 2005, p.14) By view from the psychological perspective, UG basically emphasized the active role of individual in choosing media to fulfil their needs. This theory normally focused on to explain the way why and how people use the media rather than the way media influence people (Klapper, as cited in Pornsakulvanich, 2005, p. 13). Previous research assumes that audience are actively involved in the media consumption (Rubin, Ruggiero, Severin, Tankard, Windahl, as cited in Ancu Cozma, 2009, p. 569). Some scholars stated that the social media is pull-media in which it aims to provide information that is interest to certain audience, users have to be actively click and type to access those information. It can make user become more goal-oriented and aware in their everyday consumption (LaRose, Eastin, Lin Jeffres, as cited in Ancu Cozma, 2009, p. 569). UG theory has been applied to different types of online content due to different media fulfil different needs (Perse, Courtright, Dun, as cited in Ancu Cozma, 2009, p. 569). Online media play the same role as television, radio in order to provide entertainment, satisfaction and social interaction needs (Ferguson, Perse, Kaye, Papacharissi Rubin, as cited in Ancu Cozma, 2009, p. 569). However, there are still some differences between online media and traditional media. For example, online media enable audience to control over content. By using search engine, internet users able to search for specific issue compared to less interactive media such as television and radio (Kaye, as cited in Ancu Cozma, 2009, p. 569). Nowadays, most of the mass communication scholars point out the UG theory normally is identified to be a sub tradition of media effects research (McQuail, 1994). As Ruggiero (2000) state, the emergence of computer-mediated communication has revived the important of UG theory. Pratically, it provided a cutting edge theoretical approach at the beginning stages of each new mass communications medium such as television, radio, newspapers, and now the Internet. Accoding to UG thoerry, the audience is selective when using media and mostly is encouraged by rational self-awareness of the individuals own needs and an expectation that those needs will be satisfied by particular types of media and content (Katz, as cited in ruggiero, 2000, p. 18). Accoding to few recent researchs, it stated research who has UG involvement which focuses on more advanced communication technologies such as uses of the Internet found few gratifications, which were information seeking , entertainment and diversion, exploration and relationship building (Charney, Greenberg, Kuehn, Tewksbury, Althaus, as cited in Melanie Grellhesl, 2010, p. 24). Television and internet hold the same roles as to entertain, to provide escapism, and social interaction (Ferguson, Perse, Kaye, Papacharissi Rubin as cited in Ancu Cozma, 2009, p. 569). Explanation In this study, those undergraduate students are actually applying the UG approach when they are deciding to look for more information about 30-Hour Famine. Students choose the medium that could satisfy their needs to find out for information that they wanted to know about 30-Hour Famine campaign, and that they are able to recognise their reasons for making media choices by chosing social media. The uses and gratifications approach use to test how the audience uses mass media to satisfy psychological and social needs. As an actice audience, they chose their favour media based on their ability to satisfy their needs. In this study, people who are interested to be involved in charity work such as 30-Hour Famine will try to find out more information about the organization through their favour media. Most of the undergraduates students select social media to satify their need as they are active internet users. Internet is suited well to the UG approach (Kaye Johnson, as cited in Stark, 2009, p. 21). Audience is active due to the internet create a two-way communication. In this study, those undergraduate students are active audience. There were a two- way communication when students posted comment and asked questions on the 30-Hour Famine official website, it can help students to be even more understand about the campaign. Additionally, students who were using the web will actively look out for more information about the campaign by clicking on links and using search engines, hence showing that the web is goal oriented and those undergraduates students were aware of the needs they were attempting to satisfy (Lin Jeffres, 1998, as cited in Stark, 2009, p. 21). As a conclusion, the advanced communications technology nowadays did benefits user a lof in communication. User can have have more choices to select when communicate with others, it also allowed new ways for users to communicate (Ruggiero , as cited in Melanie Grellhesl, 2010, p. 22) For example, social media is a new way for internet users to communicate with each other. By using social media, internet users able to post, view, comment anything in the internet.

Ethics Of Organ Donation And Transplantation History Essay

Ethics Of Organ Donation And Transplantation History Essay Grafting, transplanting or transferring, all are terms that mean replacing a failing vital organ with a healthy functioning one. Human body build up with multi of organs, some of them are vital organs as Brain, Heart, Lungs, Liver, Pancreas and Kidneys with no any of them human cannot live at all. On the other hand, tissues include bones, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), cornea, skin, heart valves, and veins. Transplantation and organ donation are inseparably intertwined; this dream has inspired scientists during the history to obtain a successful organ transplant between humans and beat the immune system army from fighting the gift of life and improve the quality of the recipient life. Ancient Transplants and Myths In fact, organ replacement was a dream in ancient times. The Hindu deity Ganesha had his head replaced by an elephants head soon after birth (Rig-Veda, 1500 B.C.). In the Christian tradition, Saints Cosmas and Damian (fl. 3rd century A.D.) are famous for replacing the diseased leg of a true believer with the leg of a dark-skinned Moor, thereby becoming the patron saints of physicians and surgeons.  [i]   Many Roman and Chinese myths cite transplants of legs and hearts by saints and medicine men, but the first account of an actual transplant took place in the second century B.C. The Indian surgeon Sushruta transplanted skin from one man to help rebuild the nose of another man. Another recorded account of transplantation took place in the late 16th century, again with skin. Italian surgeon Gasparo Tagliacozzi also did a skin graft, but his is also the first recorded account of rejection of the transplant by the patient.  [ii]  He recognized it to the force and power of individuality in his 1596 work  De Curtorum Chirurgia per Insitionem. This shows that the idea of using human body as treatment in end stage diseases was flying in the scientific horizon. The failed experiments verses the successful ones have established a solid database for their followers to reach the first successful organ transplantation in the early 1900s. Keratoplastic operation or corneal allograft transplant was performed successfully by Eduard Zirm  in Olomouc, Czech Republic, in 1905.  [iii]  . The most important experimenter of transplantation in the early 20th century was the French surgeon Alexis Carrel. He began to experiment with the transplantation of arteries and veins, one of his few successful human procedures. This work would earn him the Nobel Prize in 1912. Carrel also was the first to identify the problem of rejection, a dilemma that would stymie many scientists and doctors. Experimenting on dogs, Carrel learned the recipient body most often rejects donor organ material  [iv]   Nevertheless, who crooked the history on its head was the collaboration between all of Dr. Joseph Murray, Dr. J. Hartwell Harrison and Dr. John Merrill, they have registered the first successful golden standard therapy in the end stage renal disease when they performed the first kidney transplant in 23 Dec 1954 in Brigham Hospital at Boston, The procedure was done between  identical twins  to eliminate any problems of an  immune reaction. For this and later work, Dr. Murray received the  Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1990.  [v]   In the late 1940s,  Peter Medawar, working for the  National Institute for Medical Research, improved the understanding of rejection. He has identified the immune reactions in 1951. Medawar suggested that  immunosuppressive drugs  could be used.  Cortisone  had been recently discovered and the more effective  azathioprine  was identified in 1959, but it was not until the discovery of  cyclosporine  in 1970 that transplant surgery found a sufficiently powerful immunosuppressive. Other organ transplantation attempts were not stopped. The journey has continued by James Hardy, when he performed the first successful deceased-donor lung transplant into a  lung cancer  sufferer in June 1963 in  Jackson, Mississippi. Thomas Starzl of Denver attempted a liver transplant during the same year, but was not successful until 1967. The heart was a most important prize for transplant surgeons. However, as well as rejection issues the heart deteriorates within minutes of death so any operation would have to be performed at great speed. The development of the  heart-lung machine  was also needed. Lung pioneer  James Hardy attempted a human heart transplant in 1964, but a premature failure of the recipients heart caught Hardy with no human donor, he used a chimpanzee heart that failed very quickly. In December 3, 1967, the media has published the first successful achievement by  Christian Barnard  in  Cape Town, South Africa.  Louis Washkansky, the recipient, survived for eighteen days amid what many saw as a distasteful publicity circus. The media interest prompted a spate of heart transplants. Over a hundred were performed in 1968-69, but almost all the patients died within sixty days. Barnards second patient,  Philip Blaiberg, lived for 19 months. It was the advent of cyclosporine that altered transplants from research surgery to life-saving treatment. In 1968 surgical pioneer  Denton Cooley  performed seventeen transplants including the first heart-lung transplant. Fourteen of his patients were dead within six months. By 1984 two-thirds of all heart transplant patients survived for five years or more. With organ transplants becoming commonplace, limited only by donors, surgeons moved onto more risky fields, multiple organ transplants on humans and whole-body transplant research on animals. On March 9, 1981, the first successful  heart-lung transplant took place at Stanford University Hospital. The head surgeon, Bruce Reitz, credited the patients recovery to cyclosporine-A  [vi]  . Recently, the rate of successful organ transplants has increased rapidly and it has become the standard therapy in all over the world for end stage organ failure diseases. Combining to it the modern immunosuppression, which make transplants more common. However, types of donation have enlarged the pool of organs to cover the critical shortage of organs such as: Living-related donor. Living unrelated donors. Deceased donors. Non-heart beating. Xenotransplantation. Peter K.  Linden (January 2009) simply described this technology explosion as This field has progressed initially from what can accurately be termed a clinical experiment to routine and reliable practice, which has proven to be clinically effective, life-saving and cost-effective  [vii]  . To summaries the Organ Transplantation History, we can list the significant events in this timeline frame: 1954: On December 23, the first successful living-related kidney transplant led by Dr. Joseph Murray and Dr. David Hume at Brigham Hospital in Boston: A kidney was transplanted from Ronald Herrick into his identical twin, Richard.   1962:  First successful kidney transplant from a deceased donor, led by Dr. Joseph Murray and Dr. David Hume at Brigham Hospital in Boston.   1963:  First successful lung transplant led by Dr. James Hardy at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, MS. 1966:  First successful pancreas/kidney transplant led by Drs. Richard Lillehei and William Kelly at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, MN. 1967:  First successful liver transplant led by Dr. Thomas Starzl at the University of Colorado in Denver, CO.   1967:  First successful heart transplant led by Dr. Christiaan Barnard at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa.   1968:  First successful heart transplant in the United States led by Dr. Norman Shumway at Stanford University Hospital in Stanford, CA.   1968:  Uniform Anatomical Gift Act establishes the Uniform Donor Card as a legal document for anyone 18 years of age or older to legally donate his or her organs upon death. 1972:  End Stage Renal Disease Act (ESRD) paves way for Medicare Coverage of Renal Dialysis and Kidney Transplants.  Ã‚      1981:  First Successful heart/lung transplant led by Dr. Brice Reitz at Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA. 1983:  FDA approves Cyclosporine, the most successful anti-rejection medication developed to date; by 1984, two-thirds of all heart transplant patients survived for five years or more. 1983:  First successful single lung transplant led by Dr. Joel Cooper from the Toronto Lung Transplant Group, at Toronto General Hospital in Canada. 1984:  National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA) establishes a nationwide computer registry operated by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS); authorizes financial support for Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs); prohibits buying or selling of organs in the United States. 1986:  Dr. Michael DeBakey performs the worlds first heart transplant in 14 years. (USA) 1986:  First successful double-lung transplant led by Dr. Joel Cooper from the Toronto Lung Transplant Group, at Toronto General Hospital in Canada. 1986:  Required Request Laws require hospitals to develop policies to identify patients as potential donors and approach families about organ donation. 1988:  FDA approves Viaspan, which greatly extends the preservation of donated livers.  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1989:  First successful small intestine transplant (a near-total small bowel from a deceased donor) into a child, led by Dr. Olivier Goulet in Paris, France. 1989:  First successful living-related liver transplant led by Dr. Christoph Broelsch from Hamburg, Germany, at the University of Chicago Medical Center.  Ã‚      1990:  First successful living-related lung transplant led by Dr. Vaughn Starnes at Stanford University Medical Center in Palo Alto, California. He transplants the lobe of one lung from an adult female into the womans 12-year-old daughter.  Ã‚      1992:  First baboon to human liver transplant performed by Drs. Satoru Todo, Andreas Tzakis and John Fung, under the direction of pioneer transplant surgeon Thomas Starzl, at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. 1998:  National Conditions of Participation legislation enacted; required hospitals to refer all deaths, and imminent deaths, to the local Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs) 1998:  First successful hand transplant led by Australian Dr. Earl Owen and Frenchman Dr. Jean-Michel Dubernard in a 13-hour long operation in Lyon, France. 2005:  First successful partial face transplant led by Dr. Bernard Devauchelle and Dr. Jean-Michel Dubernard in Amiens, France.   2008:  Dr. Michael DeBakey, the world-famous cardiovascular surgeon who pioneered such now-common procedures as bypass surgery and invented a host of devices to help heart patients, died on July 11, at   the age of 99. 2010:  The worlds first full-face transplant took place in Spain. The recipient was a man injured in a shooting accident. In July, the recipient who was only identified as Oscar (age 31), spoke with considerable difficulty at a news conference at Barcelonas Vall dHebron hospital, where he was operated on in late March  [viii]  . Advanced Medical Technologies Ethical Dilemma

bruce lee Essay examples -- essays research papers

BRUCE LEE Bruce Lee was perhaps the greatest Martial-Artist ever. He was born in San Francisco, California on November 27th, 1940. A few months after his birth, Bruce and his family move back to Hong Kong. Bruce starred in a number of films as a child. His first starring role was actually when he was six years old! It was a role in a film titled "Little Orphan Sam". At the age of 12, Bruce begins taking Martial-Arts instruction from the legendary Sifu Yap-Man, a master of the art of "Wing-Chun" gung-fu. During the next few years, when he was not practicing his art, he could be found in the movie studios with his father. At the age of 18, due to the numerous streetfights he was involved in, Bruce alone was forced to move back to his place of birth, San Francisco. Bruce arrives with around $100 dollars, given to him by his parents. While attending the University of Washington, he majors in Philosophy. It is here he meets his future wife, Linda. He lives with an old friend of his father's, while working at the Ruby Chow Restaurant, in exchange for room and board. Unable to finance his education, he begins giving Martial-Arts lessons to various students at the University. Bruce attends a Martial-Arts tournament in Oklahoma, where he is "discovered". He is invited for a screen test for an untitled pilot, which is scrapped shortly before production. Fourtunately, he is chosen for for the role of "kato" in the television series, "T...

The United States Needs a Terrorism Czar :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

The United States Needs a Terrorism Czar Introduction Drug trafficking activity and terrorism activity have much in common. Both drugs and terrorism have strong national security and law enforcement components, they have military components, border control components, economic and trade components, medical components, and agricultural components. Today there are some 50 federal agencies with some degree of counterdrug responsibilities and at least 12 federal agencies with important counterterrorism responsibilities. This paper examines one model for unifying them under an executive branch, White House director's office, as outlined below. Drug trafficking and terrorism are illegal clandestine activities with strong national security and law enforcement threat components and operational similarities. Terrorists like drug traffickers, need weapons and engage in violence to achieve goals. Terrorists, like drug traffickers, are often involved in hiding and laundering sources of funds. Both terrorists and drug traffickers operate transnationally, and often get logistical and operational support from local ethnic satellite communities. Both groups often rely on the criminal community for support: they may need smuggled weapons, forged documents and safe houses to operate effectively. Finally, both groups need a steady cash flow to operate. In the case of terrorists, where state sources of funding are rapidly diminishing, drug trafficking is an attractive funding option. Increasingly, terrorist organizations are looking to criminal activity and specifically the drug trade as a source of funding. The FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces, a guerilla force) in Colombia are but one of many cases in point. Some experts have looked to the "drug czar" model in seeking to reform government structures to fight terrorism. Counternarcotics efforts have forced local, state and federal agencies to build operable, cooperative, inter-agency relationships. The need to build and maximize similar relationships to deal with terrorism exists and some have suggested that the "Drug Czar" [White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)] model may have applicability to the counterterrorism arena. Legislation is currently before Congress on this issue [H.R. 4210]. It appears that the bill will not be enacted this year but will likely be reintroduced next term. Another structural option might require that federal departments and agencies make their counterterrorism capabilities available for the efforts of the terrorism director.

Analytical essay on Primo Levi’s “If This Is a Man” Essay

Primo Levi’s book ‘If This Is a Man’ is a novel about a German concentration camp, one among many novels on the same subject. However, this book is exceptional as Levi never ‘raises his voice, complains, or attributes blame’. ‘If This Is a Man’ is an objective story told in a detached tone using scientific language, which sometimes makes this book not a confession but an analysis. Nevertheless, distant tone and unemotional language bring the horrifying message across with even greater impact on readers. The saddest, the most powerful, and the most ironic chapter of the book is the central ninth chapter, called ‘The Drowned and the Saved’. Here the author’s talent as well as his training as chemist comes through in unique manner. Instead of telling the story, Levi analyses the reasons, the methods, and the effects of German concentration camps. The result is more like an essay or even lab report rather than a part of a novel. The diction of the chapter is sharply contrasted with its content, emphasizing the terrifying events described. Already the first sentence of the chapter (â€Å"What we have so far said and will say concerns the ambiguous life of the Lager.† P. 102) reveals a lot. This sentence is the first step in building up the emotionless tone through technical diction. The first person point of view used throughout previous chapters is suddenly replaced by the pronoun â€Å"we† as it is used in official documents. With every following sentence, the dryness of expression grows gradually: â€Å"To this question we feel that we have to reply in the affirmative.† (p. 102), â€Å"†¦the Lager was presumably a gigantic biological and social experiment.† (p. 102), â€Å"But another fact seems to us worthy of attention†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 103). Read Also:  Analytic Rubric for Essay The impact of language is reinforced by the structure of the chapter. As Primo Levi names the Lager to be an experiment, he writes his analysis of the reasons and effects of the concentration camp in the form of a lab report. One can clearly distinguish statement of purpose, method statement, hypothesis, observations, conditions, and conclusion – all the important parts of a lab report. However, as said before the detachedness of the structure is in sharp contrast with the content. For example, the â€Å"method  statement† (â€Å"Thousands of individuals†¦ are enclosed within barbed wire: there they live a regular, controlled life which is identical for all and inadequate to all needs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  p. 102) describes plainly and understatedly terrifying conditions of the camp. Levi does not complain, he just says that the conditions are â€Å"inadequate to all needs† but the underestimation brings the message across more powerfully, especially when compared to previous chapters. Similarly, the author writes: â€Å"And one must take into account a definite cushioning effect exercised both by the law, and by the moral state which constitutes a self-imposed law;† (p. 103), a statement, describing the conditions of â€Å"the experiment†, implying that there is no law or sense of morality in the camps. However, yet again, there are no protests or grumbles, and the reader has to find the meaning behind the statement himself. â€Å"Variables† in the experiment are two categories of men – the saved and the drowned. Sudden change of tone – from official to poetic and back to official – is used to accentuate the difference among the prisoners, to bring it across for the reader that in the Lager the only choice was either to survive or to die. Everyone struggles to survive and in this brutal exertion, all means are justified. â€Å"If some Null Achtzehn vacillates, he will find no one to extend a helping hand; on the contrary, someone will knock him aside†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 103). With this line author clearly states the moral of the camps: if I’m not for myself, who will be for me? With bitter irony Levi avers that the law â€Å"to he that has will be given; to he that has not will be taken away.† (p. 104) is openly at work in the camp and to obey this law is the only possible way to survive. Thus, the morality of the Lager is the antithesis of morality of normal life the way the concentration camp itself is antithesis of normal world. This passage is even more sarcastic when the fact that Primo Levi himself was not particularly strong and capable prisoner but rather a ‘muselman’. However, as it has been mentioned in the beginning of this essay, Primo Levi’s book is different from other novels on the same topic. All the writers have shown the brutal morality, or rather immorality of the Lager and deduced from it that â€Å"the Hà ¤ftling is†¦ a man without inhibitions† (p.  103) thus giving up on the humankind. Levi’s attitude is different. He believes that humanity of the prisoners is still hidden deep in their souls waiting for an opportunity to recover. (â€Å"†¦in the face of driving necessity and physical disabilities many social habits and instincts are reduced to silence.† p. 103) and as it becomes evident in the end of the book, he proves to be right. Another fact worth mentioning about this chapter is that the title â€Å"The Drowned and the Saved† used to be also the title of the English translation of the novel, indicating hence the importance of the chapter. As a conclusion it can be said that the novel ‘If This is a Man’ by Primo Levi and especially the ninth chapter is a unique account of the horrifying actions carried out in German concentration camps as it tells the story unemotionally using scientific diction to accentuate the seriousness of matter discussed. Analysis of the reasons behind setting up the Lager, methods used to break down human soul and the effects of the actions carried out by SS officials gives an appalling insight to one of the most horrifying events of the 20th century.

Customer Benefit Package (Walmart vs Luxury Clothier) Essay

Wal-Mart is no doubt the biggest retail store in North America. It is considered to be the most efficiently run retail business in the world. Wal-Mart compared to luxury retailers have a lot of contrasting factors both in goods and services provided. The most significant factor that I see when one is to compare Wal-Mart to a luxury retailer is the price. Wal-Mart is considered to be a discount retail store which is why their products are reasonably priced goods whereas luxury retailers tend to be highly priced. To contrast the Customer Benefit Package of Wal-Mart against a luxury clothier for purchasing a suit or a new formal dress, there are many contributing factors. Different people look for different types of benefits from the products to satisfy their needs. Typical sources of benefits are Good Comparative Price, Good Quality, Good After-Sales Service, Reputable Company Image, Well Known Product/Brand, Low After-Sales Costs, Prompt Delivery, Well Designed Product, Fashionable, Ease of Purchase, and Reliability. In terms of price, Wal-Mart has definitely an advantage over its competitors particularly a luxury clothier in this case. Let us say we compare Wal-Mart to Zara. Zara’s prices are definitely higher than Wal-Mart. In terms of quality, Zara sources out more quality materials used on their products to provide their consumers with that certain quality they are expected of because of the name as compared to Wal-Mart, which limits their stocks on a per style, per season basis due to purchase cost. This gives the customer a sense of pride knowing that not too many people will have the same item on their closet. Zara or any luxury clothier is focused more on quality design for this is their main area of business. They spend on the design, style and quality. A luxury clothier or Zara for that matter is a well-known brand. Consumers buy their products because of their name. They have trust in these brands. These brands carry sophisticated designs with upscale fashion and offer excellent or one on one customer service. This is an advantage that they have over Wal-Mart. They provide their customers with that assistance in referring or suggesting other products, such as accessories that may suit the buying customer. In case of Wal-Mart, they have their in house brand, George, which provides consumers with reasonable  priced products and carry other brand names as well so consumer has more choices. The difference here would be the preference of the consumer. Do I go for a dress or suit with a brand name or a suit or dress that would fit me well and does not matter what brand it is. A luxury clothier would have more variety of choices since clothing is their main line of business. For its goods, a luxury clothier carries more accessories to go with the suits or dresses they sell. Their staffs are knowledgeable enough to assist the consumer what accessories they can wear together with the suit or dress. Wal-Mart on the other hand, does not have this kind of service where they can suggest to their consumer what to wear together with a suit or dress. Wal-Mart’s staffs are not trained for this kind of service. Another major contrasting factor between Wal-Mart and a luxury clothier is its service. This plays a major role in the decision making process of the consumer. Am I satisfied with how the stores staff assisted me? Did I have an intimate shopping experience? How long did I have to wait to pay? Was the staff courteous and knowledgeable about their product? One would even go as far as coming back to that store just because of how he/she was treated by the staff. I like shopping in that store because the staff treats me like a VIP. Wal-Mart offers various after sales service that keeps their customers going back to them. The Cash Back Reward program that they have entices its customers to go back and shop in their store. This is where they have an advantage over luxury clothiers as the latter does not have this kind of a program to customers. Wal-Mart also has an adequate return policy wherein they freely accept returns within a specified time frame. Wal-Mart has a lot of cashiers considering the size of its store. For a luxury clothier, they usually have 2 to 4 cashiers and on a busy day, you would see lines in the cashier. Wal-Mart boasts of offering top quality products and services, providing its customers with a â€Å"one-stop† shopping experience. They offer various products from food, clothing, housewares, gift items, garden centre, and auto centre. It also offers services such as financing, travel agency,  pharmacy, vision centre, salons and photo centre. It also offers McDonald’s in almost every store. You can also shop online by creating your account with them. There are definitely a lot of contrasting ideas between Wal-Mart and luxury clothier. There are many contributing factors mentioned. Why do people go to Wal-Mart? Like many consumers’, the main reasons would mostly be due to convenience, impulse buying due to being a â€Å"one-stop† shop, after- sales service and the price. For a luxury clothier, it would be more of the brand you are buying, the quality and reliability of the product, image of luxury clothier, updated style or fashion, and one on one customer service.

Frito Lay Case Study

Develop A Plan for Implementing the Chosen Alternative Porter’s Generic Business Strategy Cost Leadership Strategy It is a low cost strategy focusing on broad mass market. – Requires good scale facilities, tight cost and overhead controls and cost minimization in selected functional areas like manufacturing cost, marketing, r & d and advertising Reasons for cost reduction:- Learning experience Frito Lay’s is a worldwide leading manufacturer of snack chips and has 8 to 10 top ten famous brand with brand loyalty customers. They have skills and thereby increase the productivity of the labour.Specialisation and division labour Standardization of work may increase productivity by labour. Efficency is the key factor with less training. – Economies of scale Mass production will reduce the cost. As per test market, Frito Lay’s will be serving about 1. 98 million households that are identified as users of snack chips at the area of Minneapolis – St. P aul Metropolitan. As such, – Control of expenses can charge lower price to customer – Low price strategy serves as a barrier of entry to competitors Differentiation Strategy It is pursued when the product can be differentiatedSun Chips Multigrain Snack is a crispy consisting of blend whole wheat, rice, corn and oat flours with lightly salty multigrain taste and slightly sweet aftertaste. Brand loyalty able to create barriers to entry for new entrants Frito Lay’s has good reputable brand name with their other well-known brand and it is difficult for competitors to entry for new entrants due to high cost of marketing. Frito Lay could use their brand name as the key differentiating strategy in attracting new customer 3. Focus Strategy – Focuses on certain segments of the market in selling productsFrito Lay’s target market segment is those who is taking snack but not everyday because of health conscious concerns – Able to focus efforts on specif ic target market segment more efficiently Develop A Plan for Implementing the Chosen Alternative Porter’s Generic Business Strategy Cost Leadership Strategy It is a low cost strategy focusing on broad mass market. – Requires good scale facilities, tight cost and overhead controls and cost minimization in selected functional areas like manufacturing cost, marketing, r & d and advertisingReasons for cost reduction:- Learning experience Frito Lay’s is a worldwide leading manufacturer of snack chips and has 8 to 10 top ten famous brand with brand loyalty customers. They have skills and thereby increase the productivity of the labour. Specialisation and division labour Standardization of work may increase productivity by labour. Efficency is the key factor with less training. – Economies of scale Mass production will reduce the cost. As per test market, Frito Lay’s will be serving about 1. 8 million households that are identified as users of snack chips at the area of Minneapolis – St. Paul Metropolitan. As such, – Control of expenses can charge lower price to customer – Low price strategy serves as a barrier of entry to competitors Differentiation Strategy It is pursued when the product can be differentiated Sun Chips Multigrain Snack is a crispy consisting of blend whole wheat, rice, corn and oat flours with lightly salty multigrain taste and slightly sweet aftertaste.Brand loyalty able to create barriers to entry for new entrants Frito Lay’s has good reputable brand name with their other well-known brand and it is difficult for competitors to entry for new entrants due to high cost of marketing. Frito Lay could use their brand name as the key differentiating strategy in attracting new customer 3. Focus Strategy – Focuses on certain segments of the market in selling products Frito Lay’s target market segment is those who is taking snack but not everyday because of health conscious concer ns – Able to focus efforts on specific target market segment more efficiently Frito Lay Case Study Develop A Plan for Implementing the Chosen Alternative Porter’s Generic Business Strategy Cost Leadership Strategy It is a low cost strategy focusing on broad mass market. – Requires good scale facilities, tight cost and overhead controls and cost minimization in selected functional areas like manufacturing cost, marketing, r & d and advertising Reasons for cost reduction:- Learning experience Frito Lay’s is a worldwide leading manufacturer of snack chips and has 8 to 10 top ten famous brand with brand loyalty customers. They have skills and thereby increase the productivity of the labour.Specialisation and division labour Standardization of work may increase productivity by labour. Efficency is the key factor with less training. – Economies of scale Mass production will reduce the cost. As per test market, Frito Lay’s will be serving about 1. 98 million households that are identified as users of snack chips at the area of Minneapolis – St. P aul Metropolitan. As such, – Control of expenses can charge lower price to customer – Low price strategy serves as a barrier of entry to competitors Differentiation Strategy It is pursued when the product can be differentiatedSun Chips Multigrain Snack is a crispy consisting of blend whole wheat, rice, corn and oat flours with lightly salty multigrain taste and slightly sweet aftertaste. Brand loyalty able to create barriers to entry for new entrants Frito Lay’s has good reputable brand name with their other well-known brand and it is difficult for competitors to entry for new entrants due to high cost of marketing. Frito Lay could use their brand name as the key differentiating strategy in attracting new customer 3. Focus Strategy – Focuses on certain segments of the market in selling productsFrito Lay’s target market segment is those who is taking snack but not everyday because of health conscious concerns – Able to focus efforts on specif ic target market segment more efficiently Develop A Plan for Implementing the Chosen Alternative Porter’s Generic Business Strategy Cost Leadership Strategy It is a low cost strategy focusing on broad mass market. – Requires good scale facilities, tight cost and overhead controls and cost minimization in selected functional areas like manufacturing cost, marketing, r & d and advertisingReasons for cost reduction:- Learning experience Frito Lay’s is a worldwide leading manufacturer of snack chips and has 8 to 10 top ten famous brand with brand loyalty customers. They have skills and thereby increase the productivity of the labour. Specialisation and division labour Standardization of work may increase productivity by labour. Efficency is the key factor with less training. – Economies of scale Mass production will reduce the cost. As per test market, Frito Lay’s will be serving about 1. 8 million households that are identified as users of snack chips at the area of Minneapolis – St. Paul Metropolitan. As such, – Control of expenses can charge lower price to customer – Low price strategy serves as a barrier of entry to competitors Differentiation Strategy It is pursued when the product can be differentiated Sun Chips Multigrain Snack is a crispy consisting of blend whole wheat, rice, corn and oat flours with lightly salty multigrain taste and slightly sweet aftertaste.Brand loyalty able to create barriers to entry for new entrants Frito Lay’s has good reputable brand name with their other well-known brand and it is difficult for competitors to entry for new entrants due to high cost of marketing. Frito Lay could use their brand name as the key differentiating strategy in attracting new customer 3. Focus Strategy – Focuses on certain segments of the market in selling products Frito Lay’s target market segment is those who is taking snack but not everyday because of health conscious concer ns – Able to focus efforts on specific target market segment more efficiently

National Junior Honor Society Essay

To be SCHA Queen would be a great accomplishment. I would be able to demonstrate my leadership skills and express my love for show and horses. As SCHA Queen, I would take great pride in being a spokesperson and representative for SCHA and be able to increase membership in SCHA. SCHA means a number of things to me. This was my first year, but I always looked forward to waking up and going out to ride. Another reason why SCHA means so much to me is it keeps me and my horse in shape for other things involving our riding career. Its always fun to see how much my horse changes and develops during the season, and even how I change throughout the season There’s no where to go but up, and that means improvement. SCHA has changed me by changing my attitude about competition. I’ve now learned that winning is not always everything. , it may sound cliche , but, everyone is a winner when you improve on anything. I also have become more confident horseman and I am able to push my hor se to do his best. I have only been riding for about 3 years and SCHA has truly brought out my inner horseman. Now that I am more confident in my riding skills I try to teach my horse new things as well as teach myself. In addition to new skills and confidence I also made new friends. I met new people and learned some facts about riding I hadn’t known before. In general I am very shy and usually keep to myself, but this season has really taught me how to come out of my shell and talk to everyone. I now know that I can talk to anyone in the club and they will be more than glad to help me with anything I may need. A key part of being Queen would be helping others in SCHA. This would include encouraging others during their events and being a good sportsman. I can also give positive feedback about what a person is doing while riding, to help them in a way that they can ride better and be a better sportsman. To help others in SCHA I can share the knowledge I have learned in SCHA and my experience with horses. Just as other people have shared their knowledge with me, I can do the same for other people so the horse community can grow. My friends are always curious about what I do with horses and what SCHA is. I’m lways more than happy to share that information with them in hopes that they will be bit by the horse bug too. Â  As SCHA quee n I will bring a good values, leadership skills and a positive attitude to SCHA. It would mean a great deal to me to be able to represent SCHA at this level level.

Why does globalisation generate winners and losers Essay

Why does globalisation generate winners and losers - Essay Example Against this background, this essay seeks to critically analyse the extent to which globalisation can be said to be causing more harm than good to the other countries. The essay starts by defining the concept and goes on to analyse the factors that make globalisation unfavorable to the other countries. Basically, globalisation can be defined as the economic activity taking place across the national boundaries (Buckman 2004). Globalisation is a result of internationalisation of financial markets which aims to promote free trade as well as direct investment among member states across the world.  The advent of globalisation has resulted in the liberalisation of trade where the geographical barriers that used to block this kind of trade have been removed. This has resulted in people from different geographical regions becoming more connected. There are key players that drive globalisation and these include the multinational corporations, World Trade Organisation (WTO), World Bank and t he International Monetary Fund (IMF) (Rodrick 2001). Governments in different countries also play a pivotal role with regards to the concept of globalisation as they are the overall authority which would be responsible for regulation of the operations of the multinational companies. The WTO also plays a pivotal role in that it facilitates the platform through which international trade agreements are negotiated and enforced among member states. On the other hand, the World Bank and the IMF are major actors in that they provide with the needed financial assistance in the form of loans as well as technical assistance to the governments or multinational corporations that wish to invest in other different countries. However, whilst the concept of globalisation is noble in that it liberalised trade among nations, it can be noted that it is not the case the rich and powerful nations are in most cases on top of the situation where they are the ones who are seen carrying investment to lesser developed countries. This emanates from the view that the large financial institutions that should sponsor the activities of globalisation such as World Bank and IMF are controlled by the powerful and developed western nations. These developed nations have all the financial assistance they need at their disposal and they are the ones seen investing in poor and less developed countries whereas the less developed countries are not able to invest in developed countries. Thus, the flow of the wealth is often seen as one sided and there is no equality in terms of sharing of the wealth (Bond 2002). The wealth is seen flowing from poor countries back to the developed countries hence these nations will be winners while the poor countries will be losers. The developed countries aim at extracting wealth especially in rich mineral resources areas while the local people of the host country will have little to show for the investment carried out at their door step by the foreigners. The investo rs often get a huge chunk of the revenue generated from the investment carried in other countries. The local people are losers in this case as they suffer the fate of being used as cheap labour whereby they will be given very little pay that does not correspond with the amount of work they will be doing. Globalisation has often been criticized for the unfair redistribution of wealth that has been obtained in poor countries. The less developed countries in most cases do not have equal powers compared to their counterparts from the developed nations. For example, many African countries are very rich in terms of the natural resources they possess but unfortunately, most of these countries are very poor and are dependent on aid from the rich nations. Instead of

Site layout on a confined site Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Site layout on a confined site - Essay Example The problem comes in the implementation. It is less often technical difficulties that delay a project, the project manager must know his business, and hire crews that understand the mechanics of their individual specialties. The problem often arises in the organization. In many cases, it is managerial issues that trigger challenges at the construction site more than some sort of technical failure. If management is the problem, then a novel strategy becomes the most probable solution. There are a wide range of problems and challenges that can afflict the construction site; these issues - in addition to hands-on management strategies to alleviate them will be discussed at length. The problems include variations on managerial and logistical issues concerning cost overruns, scheduling delays, with the potential to compound each other. This article will develop the hypothesis that the major problems at the construction site represent failures of planning. Where planning is insufficient, t here are a series of likely problems afflicting the job site that will be explored in greater detail. In some cases, construction equipment or building material may be misappropriated or moved to incorrect or undocumented locations. In some cases, allocation errors may lead to the correct material or equipment slated for locations with insufficient space. Moreover, temporary locations can be inefficiently positioned based on their intended function. Large-scale operational issues may also arise in industrialized countries, especially Australia as a result of environmental concerns. These challenges will be developed in the following section. These issues represent failures in regards to site layout planning. A well reasoned and detailed plan taking into account the realities of the job site represents both the cause of – and the solution to these issues of material organization represents effective management in the context of implementation and preparation (Neszmelyi & Vatta i, 2013). The planning of the construction site represents the initial critical path with the potential to influence all subsequent stages. Layout planning and design must include size calculations, identification of boundaries, and an estimation of workers requirements and accessibility. Management must anticipate when and under what circumstances workers will need to access another portion of the site, and structure various resources within the closest possible proximity to those most likely to require them. An often indispensable component of the busy construction site are temporary facilities (Elbeltagi & Hegazy, 2005). Temporary facilities for the purposes of construction represent a variety of forms and purposes, but the overall goal is to place within reasonable proximity whatever resources and services are likely to be needed in the practical environment of construction. The problems of resource proximity for construction crews cannot be fully addressed without some temporar y facilities, and well reasoned management decisions concerning the placement of such facilities. Some temporary structures will be used for simple warehousing, but others will include machine shops use for maintenance, or the fabrication of equipment, temporary residences for the Foreman and certain workers, as well as lay down areas. These areas require planning and forethought just as the building itself does; it is not enough to simply plan out how to build the building, an